The Idiot Review Essay Example

The Idiot Review Paper Essay on The Idiot Crime and Punishment one of the few nedochitannyh until the end of the books from the curriculum, I was only enough for the first hundred pages. Dostoyevskys literary greatness for me it was an axiom, has not yet been tested on their own experience. Over time, I realized that reading is a very large body of literature is simply impossible without the creation of Fyodor Mikhailovich, and with trembling chosen book for revenge. I was expecting from The Idiot a lot and the first shock was the fascination of the story, I read avidly. It would seem that a large static scenes, long monologues, author retreat but, starting from the first meeting of Myshkin and Rogozhin in the train, it is impossible to break away. Roman found himself accessible and interesting, although it was written over a century ago and is full of philosophical meaning. It is very clear structure of the novel, the action moves from one salon to another. Will the authors characters get together, the stress increases, the conflict is heating up and there is an emotional outburst and further development. Decisive evening at Nastasya Filippovna, a farewell letter to Hippolytus, attack Prince at a reception the strongest on the effects on the scene of the reader. Dostoevsky confronts the characters, bringing them to hysteria, to disclose the nature We will write a custom essay sample on The Idiot Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Idiot Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Idiot Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Each of the characters -. It is a special world, rich, rich, contradictory. All the features of their brought to an extreme degree, when the character becomes almost a parody of its own type. In Rogozhin and Nastasia I just fell in love. Nastasia character, impassioned self-punishment and destruction. She calls herself a dissolute and corrupt and refuses happiness, despise its existence, and in the next moment is aware of his innocence and turning against their persecutors. Parfen Rogozhin, passion exalts him, pulling out of his father bequeathed to life, and shes crazy and destroys. His dark obsession, gaps in the conversation with the prince, stubborn pursuit, rejection of himself, unwavering loyalty, jealousy is terrible it is terrible, but it does not cause negative emotions. Nastasia and Parfen seen me two gigantic figures, both low and elevated, the executioner and the victim, which are constantly changing roles. Their union it is high tragedy, confrontation, pain, tearing the soul, and it is clear that, as with any tragedy, the outcome can only be one Aglaia extremely contradictory, she is beautiful and intelligent, and. good, but immensely spoiled, headstrong and proud so that makes Prince suffer, and can not accept his resignation. Lizaveta Prokofyevna truly direct child misbehaved and then forgive prigolubit, valued position in society, but quickly forgets about it and realizes the emptiness and futility of secular life. Hippolytus, a dying embittered young man, eager to acceptance by the other, but he repels them, another soul is full of contradictions. General Ivolgin funny in his stories, he is miserable and sorry for him, because, perhaps, he says sometimes the truth. Lebedev, endlessly telling lies and repentant servant set of masters. Ordinary people Gan and Barbara Ivolgina trying to break out of their own limitations, not sparing with the means and others. Dostoevsky shows the state of the society of the XIX century, with its inherent vices and evils, but at the same time the characters of these so typically Russian, s o alive, that are relevant and they are now The most beautiful thing the characters, so different:. And ordinary and outstanding, and the noble and ignoble illum (I) til Prince Myshkin. He saw the best in people features, and after it does not want to consider or Ganechku Lebedev scoundrels. Amazing feeling compassion for the heroes of the last character to understand and forgive. Prince Myshkin a perfect positive character of Dostoevsky, but how can it be put on a par with other characters? Prince is not just a character in a literary work, is the embodiment of Christian virtue in modern society, the author. Such a person is immensely difficult, because it is very different from the rest. His generosity, wit, spontaneity, a critical attitude to himself and acceptance of others, compassion, alas, can not find a place in everyday life. Myshkin has a heavy cross fool, takes upon himself the sins of society and redeems them. The essence of the Duke of relations with Nastasya Filippovna reflected in the stories of Marie, but i f in Switzerland Myshkin managed to find reconciliation and peace, because children are more vopriimchivy goodness and compassion, then in St. Petersburg, his self-sacrifice leads to a tragic end. Fedor Mihajlovic shows the two faces of love Christian charity, love of neighbor and fatal passion. Pride and passion blinded them destroy people and others, but humility and compassion, righteous living, and live help alleviate suffering, so only people able to take such a choice is very small. The tragedy of the book lies in the fact that none of these ways does not lead to happiness heroes. But there is one day a cure that does not make the book too heavy it is an irony that softens everything and reconciles with reality Read and reread.. Laugh and cry, to experience again and again, and believe the wise Prince Myshkin, that each soul has a bright flame.

The History and Process of Textile Production

The History and Process of Textile Production The creation of textiles, or cloth and fabric materials, is one of humanity’s oldest activities. Despite the great advances in production and manufacturing of clothing, the creation of natural textiles still to this day relies on the effective conversion of fiber into yarn and then yarn to fabric. As such, there are four primary steps in the manufacturing of textiles which have remained the same. The first is the harvest and cleaning of the fiber or wool. The second is carding and spinning into threads. The third is to weave the threads into cloth. Lastly, the fourth is to fashion and sew the cloth into clothes. Early Production Like food and shelter, clothing is a basic human requirement for survival. When settled Neolithic cultures discovered the advantages of woven fibers over animal hides, the making of cloth emerged as one of humankinds fundamental technologies drawing on existing basketry techniques. From the earliest hand-held spindle and distaff and basic hand loom to the highly automated spinning machines and power looms of today, the principles of turning vegetable fiber into cloth have remained constant: Plants are cultivated and the fiber harvested. The fibers are cleaned and aligned, then spun into yarn or thread. Finally, the yarns are interwoven to produce cloth. Today we also spin complex synthetic fibers, but they are still woven together using the same process as cotton and flax were millennia ago. The Process, Step-by-Step Picking: After the fiber of choice was harvested, picking was the process that followed. Picking removed foreign matter (dirt, insects, leaves, seeds) from the fiber. Early pickers beat the fibers to loosen them and removed debris by hand. Eventually, machines used rotating teeth to do the job, producing a thin lap ready for carding.Carding: Carding was the process by which the fibers were combed to align and join them into a loose rope called a sliver. Hand carders pulled the fibers between wire teeth set in boards. Machines would be developed to do the same thing with rotating cylinders. Slivers (rhymes with divers) were then combined, twisted, and drawn out into roving.Spinning. After carding created slivers and roving, spinning was that process that twisted and drew out the roving and wound the resulting yarn on a bobbin. A spinning wheel operator drew out the cotton by hand. A series of rollers accomplished this on machines called throstles and spinning mules.Warping: Warping ga thered yarns from a number of bobbins and wound them close together on a reel or spool. From there they were transferred to a warp beam, which was then mounted on a loom. Warp threads were those that ran lengthwise on the loom. Weaving: Weaving was the final stage in making textiles and cloth. Crosswise woof threads were interwoven with warp threads on a loom. A 19th-century power loom worked essentially like a hand loom, except that its actions were mechanized and therefore much faster.

The Analytic Method of Teaching Phonics

The Analytic Method of Teaching Phonics Are you looking for ideas for teaching phonics to your elementary students? The analytic method is a simple approach that has been around for nearly one hundred years. Here is a quick resource for you to learn about the method, and how to teach it. What Is Analytic Phonics? The Analytic Phonics method teaches children the phonic relationships among words. Children are taught to analyze letter-sound relationships and look to decode words based upon spelling and letter patterns and their sounds. For example, if the child knows bat, cat and hat, then the word mat will be easy to read. What Is the Appropriate Age Range? This method is appropriate for first and second graders and struggling readers. How to Teach It First, the students must know all the letters of the alphabet and their sounds. The child will need to be able to identify the sounds in the beginning, middle and end of a word. Once the students are able to do that, the teacher then selects a text that has a lot of letter sounds.Next, the teacher presents the words to the students (usually site words are selected to start). For example, the teacher places these words on the board: light, bright, night or green, grass, grow.The teacher then asks the students how these words are alike. The student would respond, They all have ight at the end of the word. or They all have gr at the beginning of the word.Next, the teacher focuses on the sound of the words make by saying, How does the ight sound in these words? or How does the gr sound in these words?The teacher picks a text for the students to read that has the sound they are focusing on. For example, choose a text that has the word family, ight (light, might, fight, right) or choose a text that has the word family, gr (green, grass, grow, gray, great, grape). Finally, the teacher reinforces to the students that they just used a decoding strategy to help them read and understand words based upon the relationships letters have with one another. Tips for Success Use books that have predictable, repetitive sentences.Encourage children to use picture clues for any unknown words.Teach students about word families. (now, how cow) (down, frown, brown)Encourage students to look for consonant clusters at the beginning and ends of words. ( bl,fr,st, nd)When teaching analytic phonics, make sure to emphasize  the importance of each sound.

The Holy Ghost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Holy Ghost - Essay Example In addition, once all the members were seated, they started clapping their hands and singing together. Besides, as the congregation is singing and worshipping, the pastor stands up and addresses the congregation; he invites all those who are not filled with the Holy-Ghost to come forward to receive an impartation. Eventually, the services move into a session of prayer; members of the congregation stand and make known their prayers and concerns. Additionally, the congregation breaks out into diverse kinds of prayer including lying on the floor, standing still, and convulsing uncontrollably. The documentary is a testament of what many individuals consider as the ministry of the Holy Spirit, a strange paradox. On the one hand, there are very little theological works on the ministry of the Holy Spirit; there is only a small reference to the issue in connection with the Trinity. On the other hand, over the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest and manifestation of the mi nistry and work of the Holy Spirit, especially in many non-denominational churches in America. The documentary is an example of the Pentecostal movement and subsequent series of the charismatic faiths that led many individuals to a new awareness of the ministry of the Holy Spirit and His spiritual gifts in the lives of Christians. The ministry of the Holy Spirit just as the documentary demonstrates revolves around the work of the Holy Ghost, especially in the lives of believers; the spiritual gifts such as faith healing.

Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example Finally, in traditional ceremonies, people from Ghana in Africa were noted to consult with traditional priests who act as the link between people and their gods (Brahm, 2005). This indicates the existence of some religion that makes people believe that these priests represented them before a higher power. The place of religion among the societies in the Earth would be said to be complex, fitting into social organisation as a whole and dominantly functioning in each of its part. Religion plays a critical role in fulfilling psychological needs. It helps human beings confront death and explain it. It relieves them of anxieties and fears of the unknown. During life’s crises such during serious illness, humans would turn to religion to ease their stress. It guides humans in making life’s decision, making them know what to do and at what time, thus providing the much needed psychological relief. Religion also serves to fulfil the social needs of human beings. It reinforces gr oup norms hence bringing about social homogeneity. This uniformity of belief plays a critical role in reinforcing group identity and binding people together. Hamilton (2010) further notes that religion sacralises norms and by promoting group goals, it makes social order legitimate. It plays a major role in giving identity. Finally, the social control function of religion has been appreciated, defining what would be considered as wrong or right. Rightful actions earn approval from gods while wrongful actions could cause supernatural retribution. For example, Quran, the sacred text of Islam provides a list of crimes which if committed would lead to punishment and describes mundane tasks such the specific foods to eat. Nonetheless, there have been other... The place of religion among the societies in the Earth would be said to be complex, fitting into the social organization as a whole and dominantly functioning in each of its parts. Religion plays a critical role in fulfilling psychological needs. It helps human beings confront death and explain it. It relieves them of anxieties and fears of the unknown. During life’s crises such during serious illness, humans would turn to religion to ease their stress. It guides humans in making life’s decision, making them know what to do and at what time, thus providing the much needed psychological relief. Religion also serves to fulfill the social needs of human beings. It reinforces group norms hence bringing about social homogeneity. This uniformity of belief plays a critical role in reinforcing group identity and binding people together. Hamilton (2010) further notes that religion sacralizes norms and by promoting group goals, it makes social order legitimate. It plays a major r ole in giving identity. Finally, the social control function of religion has been appreciated, defining what would be considered as wrong or right. Rightful actions earn approval from gods while wrongful actions could cause supernatural retribution. For example, Quran, the sacred text of Islam provides a list of crimes which if committed would lead to punishment and describes mundane tasks such the specific foods to eat.Nonetheless, there have been other interpretations of religion that goes against the functionalist approach.

Matching Hypothesis Essay Example for Free

Matching Hypothesis Essay The Aims of this experiment was to see if there is a similarity between levels of physical appearance between couples. The method used in this experiment was very similar to that of Mursteins matching hypothesis, using 10photos of couples split in two so there was 10 males and 10females 20 participants were asked to rank the males in order of 1-10, and the rank the females in order of 1-10 without knowing which male was coupled with which female. The results of this method were recorded by means of Spearmans rank correlation. The Rho of this experiment was 0. 2727273, for the results to be statistically significant the Rho had to be equal to or greater than 0. 564. As this experiment was below this it was statistically infrequent and the null hypothesis was accepted. In conclusion the hypothesis of this experiment was rejected as results were statistically infrequent, this shows from the results that there is in fact no similarities in levels of physical appearance amongst couples in long term relationships. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder suggests that people are as attractive as a person sees them. So for instance a person may be seen as attractive to certain people but not attractive to others. How attractive people find each other forms the basis of my research Research has already been carried out on this area and different conclusions have been drawn upon, examples of these are; Goffman (1952) proposed the Matching Hypothesis, which stated that individuals were more likely to have long lasting relationships if they were of the same attractiveness as each other. The reasons why this is the case could be that, as human instinct is to reproduce, evolution will have conditioned one to form a relationship with an individual who is most likely to reproduce with them and, generally, this would be an individual of the same physical attractiveness. Many researchers have tested this theory: Walster (1966) used a computer dance as the basis for his research. He got 4 independent judges to rate the attractiveness of 752 students who signed up to this dating service. The students were then matched up at random with the only condition that a man wasnt matched up with a woman who was taller than him. Each person was then asked to rate their partner and it was found that the more attractive individuals were the best date that doesnt support the Matching Hypothesis. Walster Walster (1969) developed an experiment that was a follow up to this. The experiment allowed the participants to meet and interact beforehand, providing more ecological validity, and went on to support the Matching Hypothesis as the individuals preferred each other if they were of the same attractiveness. Murstein (1972) collected photographs of couples that were married or engaged and had participants rate each person in the photograph separately. His findings showed that generally the two people were rated as the same that, again, supports the Matching Hypothesis. The methodology of this research is used as a template for the research to be done for testing the hypothesis. There is also other research that suggests that people tend to be attracted to those with similar interests and personality traits. This research does not support the research that suggests people in long-term relationships are of similar levels of physical attractiveness. Kandel (1978) showed us that demographic behaviour has effects on relationships and that individuals tend to be more attracted to people who are similar to themselves (class, political views etc) but have certain qualities that the individual does not have, but could gain from (talents, admiration etc). Burgess Wallin (1958) found that there was a positive correlation between personality type and happiness of a marriage in a longitudinal study they carried out, but they also found that, in some circumstances, personalities would change in long-term relationships to match that of the other individual. Moreland Beach (1992) carried out a study with male workers that showed that, as they became more familiar with females they worked with, they also became more attracted to them, almost without noticing their physical attractiveness. This research shows that people tend to become more and more attracted to people as they get to know them better, but there is always the argument that the person would not approach the other person if they felt they were either far more attractive than themselves or if they viewed them as much less attractive. This then opens the question. Do people get together with people of the same levels of physical appearance as themselves? It is thought that all humans would go for the more attractive individual available but would be worried that this person would then accept a better offer and leave. Therefore people go for people on the same level as themselves. This is supported by (Walster and Walster, 1969). This aim of this study is to discover whether or not people in long-term relationships are of similar levels of physical appearance. My hypothesis suggests that people in long-term relationships will be of similar levels of physical appearance, reasons for choosing a directional hypothesis is that given the research conducted by Walster and Walster and Murstein it would suggest that there would be a positive correlation and my hypothesis would be correct.

Kino, a poor Indian fisherman :: essays research papers

Kino, a poor Indian fisherman, lives on the Gulf of California with his wife Juana and son Coyotito. Their simple hut is made of brush, and the couple sleeps on mats thrown on the dirt floor, while Coyotito sleeps in a hanging box. Like others in their poor village, they depend on nature for survival. As The Pearl begins, dawn is breaking. Kino watches the sun rise and listens to the sounds of the morning. But within moments, a dangerous situation develops. A poisonous scorpion stings Coyotito, Kino's infant son, and the baby's screams draw people from all over the village. Juana insists that the doctor be called, but Kino knows the physician is Spanish and considers himself above treating poor Indians. This does not satisfy Juana, who announces that if the doctor will not come to the village, then they will go to his house. But the doctor refuses to treat Coyotito because Kino is too poor. Later that day, while Kino and Juana are fishing in the Gulf, Kino finds an enormous pearl and cries out in joy. He believes the pearl will make him rich and enable him to provide security for his family. But Kino discovers otherwise. The pearl stirs envy in the villagers, and that night Kino is attacked in his hut by a thief. The following day, he tries to sell the pearl to buyers in town, but he is offered only a small amount of money for it. The buyers all work for the same man. They know the pearl is worth a fortune but hope to buy it cheaply by pretending that it is worth little. Kino says he will sell his pearl in the capital city, where he believes he will get a fair price. This amazes the villagers because Kino has never traveled so far. After dark that evening, Kino is attacked again. Juana is sure the pearl is evil and will destroy the family. During the night, she quietly removes it from the spot where Kino has hidden it and tries to throw it back into the ocean. He stops her before she succeeds and beats her for trying. As he returns to the hut, Kino is attacked again, this time by two men. He kills one of them, and the other escapes. Because of the killing, Kino knows that he will be hunted as a murderer. As a result, he and Juana must leave the village the next

Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2. 2 pounds (1 kg). From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12. million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2012, for the first time since 2009 mobile phone sales to end users is declining by 1. 7 percent to 1. 75 billion units which is dominated by Samsung for 385 million units (53. 5 percent is smartphones) and Apple for 130 million units of all smartphones. History The first mobile tel ephone calls were made from cars in 1946. Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service was made on 17 June in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by Illinois Bell Telephone Company's car radiotelephone service in Chicago on 2 October. The MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed over 80 pounds (36 kg).. John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchell's team that developed the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a cellular network. Using a somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. As I walked down the street while talking on the phone, sophisticated New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973, there weren't cordless telephones or cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter – probably one of the more dangerous things I have ever done in my life. Martin Cooper The new invention sold for $3,995 and weighed two pounds, leading to a nickname â€Å"the brick†. The world's first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Several countries t hen followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada. On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAc mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to hit the market. The phone had a talk time of just half an hour and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands. In 1991, the second generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. Handheld mobile phone Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. [13] Motorola and Bell Labs raced to be the first to produce a handheld mobile phone. That race ended on 3 April 1973 when Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2. 5 pounds and measured 9 inches long, 5 inches deep and 1. 75 inches wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge. John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Analog cellular networks – 1G The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone â€Å"cloning;† Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008. Digital cellular networks – 2G In the 1990s, the ‘second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U. S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones. In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 00 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels. In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PD A all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard. The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had apps, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1. 8 MB memory card into the phone. Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger â€Å"brick† phones toward tiny 100–200g hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move. The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice amongst the young, a trend which spread across all ages. G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising. Mobile p ayments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999. Mobile broadband data – 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing. Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example). Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol whilst retaining backwards compatibility: * the introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2. 45 Mbit/s to 3. 1 Mbit/s. * protocols that would decrease connection establishment time. the ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot. * the introduction of QoS flags. All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard. In the mid 2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology begun to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3. G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1. 8, 3. 6, 7. 2 and 14. 0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards. By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet. The first such devices, known as â€Å"dongles†, plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called â€Å"compact wireless router† such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in. Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as â€Å"netbooks†. Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded wireless internet on its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall. Native IP networks – 4G By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP. Evolution 2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission (defined in IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2. 5G or 2. 75G services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service. . 5G (GPRS) 2. 5G (â€Å"second and a half generation†) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introdu ction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2. 5G. GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. 1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153. kbit/s, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial networks. It can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services, as well as Internet access. 2. 75G (EDGE) GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. Duplex A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. An example of a duplex device is a telephone. The people at both ends of a telephone call can speak at the same time, the earphone can reproduce the speech of the other person as the microphone transmits the speech of the local person, because there is a two-way communication channel between them. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for a communication â€Å"two-way street† between two connected parties or to provide a â€Å"reverse path† for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. Systems that do not need the duplex capability use instead simplex communication in which one device transmits and the others just â€Å"listen. † Examples are broadcast radio and television, garage door openers, baby monitors, wireless microphones, radio controlled models, surveillance cameras, and missile telemetry.

My Future Plans Essay

As a current senior in high school, I have reached the point where it is time for me to decide what I want to do with my life. Â  Throughout my four years in high school, I have been intrigued by a variety of different paths such as teaching, marine science, and even journalism. Â  After growing up a little and taking a better notice of my interests and likings, I have noticed my love for sports, fitness, and health. Â  My first plan for the future is to graduate from Oakland Mills High School and receive my high school diploma. Â  After this I will attend East Carolina University, or ECU, in Greenville, NC. I want to major in exercise science and minor in exercise physiology. My first few years in college I would like to gain experience in the field by obtaining a work-study position that will help me develop new skills in exercise science work such as a student athletic trainer. I would also like to play club lacrosse for ECU during my four years there. Â  Either my junior or senior year in college I would like to study abroad in Europe. Â  I hope to get work-study on campus my freshmen year so I can save up money by the time this comes around. Â  After four or five years of school I would hope to graduate with a bachelors degree. Â  After graduation I do not want to settle down right away. Â   I would either want to volunteer for the peace core abroad for a year in the Middle East or travel on my own, if possible. Â  After this I would want to move back to Maryland or D.C. so I can be close to my family. Â  I would like to either get a job in training, therapy, or coaching. Â  While the future is undecided and unknown, it is a time for changes and new things. Â  Although I know it will be a long journey I will remain open to all possibilities and be proactive while continuing to asses all of my options.

Free Essays on 1920s

The Great American Decade The Roaring 20’s The main them of this decade was the idea of the roaring 20’s to be fun and rebellious. The 1920’s was a time of celebration. The country was full of good times with things like the stock market, Jazz, flappers, and bootlegging. New untraditional styles of clothing and dancing were invented in the 1920’s. There seemed to be more economic freedom and encouraged Americans to invest in the stock market, buy on margin, and use credit. The 1920’s were all fun and games until the stock market crashed in October 1929. Women Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. During the 1920's, most women were still expected to stay at home and look after the children. Cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the house and kids was all women were expected to do. Being a housewife and mother were regarded as women's most important duties. Women wanted to be able to have the freedom that men had. They wanted to be able to vote and work if they wanted to. Women fought for and to a large degree accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. The battle of women’s suffrages was coming to an end. On August 18, 1920, women won the right to vote. Women now had some kind of voice in the country and Government. Women voted according to race, social class, religious background, and geographic location. (Baughman 279) During the 20’s women also increased their job opportunities. In 1920 women composed 23.6 percent of the labor force, and 8.3 million women older than fifteen were working. They found opportunities only in nurturing â€Å"women professions† such as nursing, teaching, social work, and in medicine. Some women also worked at factories for several hours making forty cents an hour. (American Decade 280) Music In 1921 there was a new kind of beat in town. Jazz, Jazz, and Jazz was the ... Free Essays on 1920's Free Essays on 1920's The Great American Decade The Roaring 20’s The main them of this decade was the idea of the roaring 20’s to be fun and rebellious. The 1920’s was a time of celebration. The country was full of good times with things like the stock market, Jazz, flappers, and bootlegging. New untraditional styles of clothing and dancing were invented in the 1920’s. There seemed to be more economic freedom and encouraged Americans to invest in the stock market, buy on margin, and use credit. The 1920’s were all fun and games until the stock market crashed in October 1929. Women Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. During the 1920's, most women were still expected to stay at home and look after the children. Cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the house and kids was all women were expected to do. Being a housewife and mother were regarded as women's most important duties. Women wanted to be able to have the freedom that men had. They wanted to be able to vote and work if they wanted to. Women fought for and to a large degree accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. The battle of women’s suffrages was coming to an end. On August 18, 1920, women won the right to vote. Women now had some kind of voice in the country and Government. Women voted according to race, social class, religious background, and geographic location. (Baughman 279) During the 20’s women also increased their job opportunities. In 1920 women composed 23.6 percent of the labor force, and 8.3 million women older than fifteen were working. They found opportunities only in nurturing â€Å"women professions† such as nursing, teaching, social work, and in medicine. Some women also worked at factories for several hours making forty cents an hour. (American Decade 280) Music In 1921 there was a new kind of beat in town. Jazz, Jazz, and Jazz was the ... Free Essays on 1920's The Great American Decade The Roaring 20’s The main them of this decade was the idea of the roaring 20’s to be fun and rebellious. The 1920’s was a time of celebration. The country was full of good times with things like the stock market, Jazz, flappers, and bootlegging. New untraditional styles of clothing and dancing were invented in the 1920’s. There seemed to be more economic freedom and encouraged Americans to invest in the stock market, buy on margin, and use credit. The 1920’s were all fun and games until the stock market crashed in October 1929. Women Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. During the 1920's, most women were still expected to stay at home and look after the children. Cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the house and kids was all women were expected to do. Being a housewife and mother were regarded as women's most important duties. Women wanted to be able to have the freedom that men had. They wanted to be able to vote and work if they wanted to. Women fought for and to a large degree accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. The battle of women’s suffrages was coming to an end. On August 18, 1920, women won the right to vote. Women now had some kind of voice in the country and Government. Women voted according to race, social class, religious background, and geographic location. (Baughman 279) During the 20’s women also increased their job opportunities. In 1920 women composed 23.6 percent of the labor force, and 8.3 million women older than fifteen were working. They found opportunities only in nurturing â€Å"women professions† such as nursing, teaching, social work, and in medicine. Some women also worked at factories for several hours making forty cents an hour. (American Decade 280) Music In 1921 there was a new kind of beat in town. Jazz, Jazz, and Jazz was the ... Free Essays on 1920's The Great American Decade The Roaring 20’s The main them of this decade was the idea of the roaring 20’s to be fun and rebellious. The 1920’s was a time of celebration. The country was full of good times with things like the stock market, Jazz, flappers, and bootlegging. New untraditional styles of clothing and dancing were invented in the 1920’s. There seemed to be more economic freedom and encouraged Americans to invest in the stock market, buy on margin, and use credit. The 1920’s were all fun and games until the stock market crashed in October 1929. Women Throughout most of history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. During the 1920's, most women were still expected to stay at home and look after the children. Cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the house and kids was all women were expected to do. Being a housewife and mother were regarded as women's most important duties. Women wanted to be able to have the freedom that men had. They wanted to be able to vote and work if they wanted to. Women fought for and to a large degree accomplished a reevaluation of traditional views of their role in society. The battle of women’s suffrages was coming to an end. On August 18, 1920, women won the right to vote. Women now had some kind of voice in the country and Government. Women voted according to race, social class, religious background, and geographic location. (Baughman 279) During the 20’s women also increased their job opportunities. In 1920 women composed 23.6 percent of the labor force, and 8.3 million women older than fifteen were working. They found opportunities only in nurturing â€Å"women professions† such as nursing, teaching, social work, and in medicine. Some women also worked at factories for several hours making forty cents an hour. (American Decade 280) Music In 1921 there was a new kind of beat in town. Jazz, Jazz, and Jazz was the ... Free Essays on 1920's The twenties in the United States had a personality and character all its own and it was a â€Å"fun, frivolous and carefree† period in many respects. It was definitely a time not to be missed. But what made it so unique and important in the history of the twentieth century? World War I, â€Å"the war to end all wars† had just ended. American soldiers had fought, 112,432 had died and the victors returned home glad to be free and separate from the horrors they had seen. Woodrow Wilson’s â€Å"peace without victory† plan that became known as the Fourteen Points, a desire to place the U.S. in the forefront of the peace settlement in Europe, was never ratified and America never joined the League of Nations. Disillusioned with the terms of the peace settlement, Americans were also dissatisfied with a mild recession in 1921. Americans looked inward and the old order, the old morality, and the old rules no longer applied in the new era. Warren Harding was elected by a landslide with his slogan of â€Å"return to normalcy.† Changes and innovations occurred in the economy, technology and culture that gave more Americans more leisure time to do what they wanted to do. The pro-business atmosphere and the pursuit of profits led to a period of economic prosperity between 1922 and 1928. The business boom had a rise of manufacturing output of over 60 percent during the period from 1919 and 1929. Times were â€Å"roaring†, unemployment was less than 4% and real wages and standard of living increased significantly, mostly for those in urban areas. As more Americans were working and earning better wages, their standard of living also improved. It is impossible to deny the incredible feats that the U.S. economy was performing in the 1920s and how they improved the quality of life for most Americans. The economic boom was a result of many things. The most obvious cause was the debilitation of Europe after World War I, which left America t...

Aerotoxic Syndrome

For the operation of any aircraft, there are a huge number of materials that are used and contain significant toxicities, with some hazardous ingredients. These materials need care, as some of the unwanted exposure either short term or long term may be induced some symptoms of toxicity’s toxicity indicates the possibility of the discrete occupational health condition due to the leakage of engine oil, jet fuel and seal failure etc. and additional the lower oxygen level in the cabin of planes flying at altitude, known as Aerotoxic syndrome (Michaelis, 2016). This report outlines the nature of Aerotoxic Syndrome that may affect the health of the crew member and passengers as well as affecting the stakeholders as a business point of view. The report also describes the controversies related to this syndrome and the potential solutions. It also identifies the appropriate measures to risk control regarding Aerotoxic Syndrome. The Aerotoxic Syndrome causing an effect like memory loss, blurred vision, nausea, as in flights the cabin crew and the passengers can be directly showing to touch chemicals on aircraft can produce symptoms of toxicity for a long term. The symptoms related to aerotoxic include neuropsychological effects and chemical intoxication (Hocking, 2005). Aerotoxic Syndromes presents noteworthy issues and can be directly or indirectly effects on the stakeholders of the airline industries, the following points describe the problematic effects on the stakeholders- The stakeholders want to achieve the desired goal of the business with the support of healthy staff. When the staff member is not healthy and effective, it’s not an easy for the stakeholders to run their business smoothly and profitably (Hocking, 2005). The airline stakeholders suffer from an Aerotoxic syndrome due to its ill effects that create an unhealthy environment for a business. The important effect on the stakeholders, due to the aerotoxic syndromes is that it affects the airline image in the market. When the pilots and cabin crew members are incapable of performing his duty during emergencies due to the Aerotoxic syndrome it may affect the image of the airline business and to the stakeholders (Ramsden, 2014). The staff members of the airlines are always worried regarding the job security, as at present Aerotoxic syndrome is a hidden problem and there are few cases that are going on in the court, little amount of compensation has been given to the airline workers affected by the syndromes (Parsons, 2011). The situation has become critical for the stakeholders regarding the job security of the workers. There is controversy over the existence of Aerotoxic Syndrome, this term and illness has been not recognized medically. The main controversy is related to the bleed-air, as all the commercial planes except Boeing uses the bleed- air system for the air breathed by the crew members and the passengers. During flight and the crew is polluted by the low-level concentration of poisonous chemicals that are coming from the engines, and this air have been blamed for causing Aerotoxic syndromes in number of pilots and the cabin crew members (Ramsden, 2014). However, the airline industry claims that there is no evidence of any connection The effective and potential solutions are needed for the controversies. Every airline company has to establish and understand a relation between exposure and chronic ill health. It is impossible in the absence of routine air quality monitoring on commercial planes and to determine about the chemicals enter the cabin and in what quantity. Hence, the better solution is to understand and have knowledge about the exposure occurrence and at which level of this exposure can be improved (Hocking, 2005). It is better to identify the hazards or the side effects of the Aerotoxic syndrome. After the identification of the hazards, it becomes easy to measure the risk control process. It is important to estimate the risk level of the syndrome and their acceptability due to containing air toxic chemicals, seal leakage problem and so on. Risk evaluation is used as a priority action by the airline industry to control the problem of the Aerotoxic syndrome and to minimize health risks (Ramsden, 2014). The airline should take proper actions when their staff members request and give indications of Aerotoxic syndrome and they may be not able to fly. The actions taken by the airlines will be beneficial for their business growth as well as it may increase the faith and loyalty of the staff over airline industry. Ensure the staff members that the management takes care and concern about their health issues. The company tries to improve the quality of engines with effective new technologies. A less toxic oil formulation would be applied for the improvement of air chemicals.   Hocking, M. (2005).  Air quality in airplane cabins and similar enclosed spaces. Berlin: Springer. Michaelis, S. (2016). O27-3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Aerotoxic syndrome – fact or fallacy?  Occupational And Environmental Medicine,  73( 1), 51.-53. Parsons, P. (2011). Economic consequences of ignorance about aerotoxic syndrome.  Journal Of Biological Physics And Chemistry,  11(4), 208 Ramsden, J. (2014). Is there such a thing as aerotoxic syndrome?.  JBPC,  14(4), 113-116.

Narrative Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Narrative - Assignment Example he narrator will increase in the future due to the sharing of what the narrator considered and embarrassment during the dinner at the high-end restaurant where the story ends with, Meg grinned. â€Å"Sure. All Americans slurp.† This will make the narrator and Meg have an understanding that they are equal and all are faced with different multicultural differences and similarities that they have the duty of helping each other to perform. This will aid the two of them to understand the need to help each other understand their differences, in the process generating a close band and augmenting their friendships. Meg will be very instrumental in teaching the narrator the ways and practices in America while the narrator will be responsible to relate the cultures and practices of the Chinese. Over time, the narrator and Meg will have a better understanding and mastery of the other friend’s culture and practice. Having helped each other, they will be appreciative of the roles played by the other and will make them close to each other through the times taken. They will be able to appreciate the differences and similarities in culture and nationality leading to the development of a bond between tem allowing for a close interaction and development of affection translating to better friendships in future to their adult lives. Being friends and having a good understanding of each other and the ability of the two to compromise as exemplified by the researcher to take a milk shake despite being full for the benefit of her friend shows the extend they can go for each other happiness. Meg is not disappointed or worried after the embarrassment of the narrator at her family’s dinner, shows that she is willing to understand the shortcomings of the narrator and is willing to take an extra mile to assist. They will, therefore, be ready t o do everything for each other to ensure they coexists in a peaceful and understanding manner with each other leading to the creation of strong