Ethical decisions and informed consent Essay

In all counseling programs meant for children and adolescents, it is very important that the parents be involved. The parents would require knowing the results of the psychological analysis, most probably in concern for the well being of their wards. However, in certain cases, the children or the adolescents might not intent the parents to know the details of their case. Like an adult patient, the child patient would want to ensure confidentiality of their case. However, it is also important to know that the child would not be in a position to make a proper decision regarding their treatment. Hence, it is very important to ensure that confidentiality exists to a limited extent in such cases. The counselors would have to protect the adolescent and the teenager regarding the individual case. They have to maintain strict confidentiality and should not inform anybody about the details of their case. However, the counselor would also have to inform the parent, as the parents are in the best position in making a valuable decision about their wards. The child or adolescent may be acting out of immaturity in these cases. It is also important to keep in mind that issues regarding the sexual activity of the child and the interventions required for the treatment of a sexually transmitted disease differs from one state to another. Certain issues such as abuse, neglect, presence of any risk or danger to others, etc, have to be reported to the parents. The counselor should be aware that the parents have rights of the children. Only the relevant information has to be disclosed to the parents so that they can make an informed decision for the welfare of their wards. The information presented should be accurate and comprehensive. In this case the parents would have to be informed if any case of neglect, abuse, harm to the child, etc is present. Treatment of a sexually transmitted disease may have to be reported in case the child may cause the risk of transmitting it to other people. The counselor should also try to determine if any danger is present for the 15-year-old client from any other party. If any such danger were present, the counselor would have to ensure that the child is adequately protected by informing the parents. In all cases, the counselor, to determine the need for informing the parents, should conduct a thorough assessment of the situation.

Native American culture Essay

From the 15th to 19th century the European colonization affected the Native American culture in many ways, such as diseases, war, and enslavement. Many diseases such as smallpox and measles were the main cause of the decline in the Native American population more so than war. Although they seemed to destroy Native American culture, they also improved it by trade. The Native American way of life changed after trading with the Europeans. At first Native Americans wanted metal products, which they couldn’t make themselves, such as axe-heads and knives. Later they realized the value of guns. Having guns and horses completely changed the way Native Americans hunted for food. Also in the 15th century Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The introduction of the horse had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America. This new mode of travel made it possible for some tribes to greatly expand their territories, exchange goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game. In the 19th century, the Westward expansion of the United States incrementally expelled large numbers of Native Americans from vast areas of their territory, either by forcing them into marginal lands farther and farther west, or by outright massacres. Under President Andrew Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forced the Five Civilized Tribes from the east onto western reservations, primarily to take their land for settlement. The forced migration was marked by great hardship and many deaths. Its route is known as the Trail of Tears. Conflicts broke out between U. S. forces and many different tribes. Authorities entered numerous treaties during this period, but later abrogated many for various reasons. Well-known military engagements include the atypical Native American victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, and the massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee in 1890. On January 31, 1876 the United States government ordered all remaining Native Americans to move into reservations or reserves. This, together with the near-extinction of the American Bison, which many tribes had lived on, set about the downturn of Prairie Culture that had developed around the use of the horse for hunting, travel and trading. Students at the Bismark Indian School in the early 20th century American policy toward Native Americans have been an evolving process. In the late nineteenth century reformers in efforts to civilize Indians adapted the practice of educating native children in Indian Boarding Schools. These schools, which were primarily run by Christians, proved traumatic to Indian children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity instead of their native religions and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Indian identity and adopt European-American culture, despite many of the practices being in violation of clauses of the U. S. Constitution separating church and state. There are also many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuses occurring at these schools. Many other attempts were made to deprive the American Indians of their culture, language, and religious beliefs, some of which are reported to continue into current times. Therefore the European colonists destroyed the Native American culture, from their first encounter in the 15th century all the way through the early 20th century. From diseases and warfare to eventually moving Native Americans from their natural territories, the Europeans started a extermination of the Americans that were Native to this supposed new world.

Experiment 8 formal report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experiment 8 formal - Lab Report Example Data analysis will involve determination of copper’s concentration using Beer-Lambert law. During the analysis, relevant graphs and calibration curves will feature in establishing the relationship between experimental variables. In addition, relevant statistical tests, especially the t-test well are used in detecting significant differences between absorbance by reference and sample solutions. Discussion of results will lead to eventual conclusion regarding the amount of copper metal in a penny. Technically, penny coins comprise of copper, zinc and metals in different proportions. In the past, copper metal was cheap; hence was used primarily in manufacture of coins. After 1980, copper metal became valuable and rare. Therefore, coin manufacturers used only copper coating in pennies and used primarily zinc in making the bulk part of the coins. With increasing value of copper, the metal’s composition in a coin keeps changing. The only way to determine the metal’s proportion today is to carry out quantitative analysis using reliable analysis methods like molecular spectroscopy. Concentration and hence the quantity of a metal species within a mixture is determined through molecular spectroscopy. This means that metals contained by a penny must be converted into molecular species in order to employ spectroscopic analysis. Fortunately, copper and zinc form molecular species with different colors. Copper form deep-blue ions while zinc form colorless species (Smith 45). The variation in ionic colors for the two penny components forms the basis of spectroscopic differentiation between copper and zinc. In this context, both copper and zinc must be converted into their ionic species with distinct colors before proceeding with subsequent steps of the experiment. This explains why the experiment’s procedure involved dissolution of a penny in nitric acid. Chemically, zinc is more reactive than copper.

Environmental safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Environmental safety - Assignment Example The purpose of both these entities is to measure the harmful impact of such mishaps resulting from accidents causing loss of property, blocking supply of essential services and causing interruption in the routine working. The UK government offers suggestions to business organisations for risk verification and assessment so that any impending accident may not come in the functioning and performance of such business by initiating emergency planning and business continuity management processes through the National Risk Register for reducing the impact of such loss (Cabinet Office 2010). The Scottish Parliament has passed an Act in 2007, named the Right of Relatives to Damages (Mesothelioma) (Scotland) Act 2007, reserving the right to damages in case the affliction is caused by Mesothelioma as per the amendment of Section 1 of the Damages (Scotland) Act 1976 including subsection (2) and (3). The subsection (2) inserts an except to the ruling that damages need not be paid to the relative if the deceased has relieved the accused from the responsibility of paying damages to the relative before the death of the diseased. The subsection (2b) becomes applicable if the injury or death is caused due to Mesothelioma. The damage payment is conditioned to occurring the liability and death on, before or after the date with the coming into force under Section 1 of the Right of Relatives to Damages (Mesothelioma) (Scotland) Act 2007 (Legislation 2007). The above figure indicates that deaths due to the asbestos-related cancer mesothelioma are rising on a yearly basis. In the year 2008, out of 2249 mesothelioma deaths, 1865 were men and as per the rate of yearly increase, it is forecasted to cross the figure of 2000 by the year 2016 (HSE 2010). Considering the data pertaining to Scotland regarding ill-health, injuries and enforcement in the previous 12 months, self-reported ill-health reporting rate was 3700 out of 100 000 for 2009-10. The reportable injury rate was 880 workers in 2008-09 while fatal injuries in 2009-10 numbered 23. On the other hand, major injuries to workers counted 2548 in 2009-10. Considering the offences prosecuted in Scotland by HSE in 2009-10, they were 93 in number while local authorities carried prosecution on 7 reports (HSE 2010, 14). Further, if we consider rate of self-reported work-related illness and reportable non-fatal injury in manufacturing and other sectors, data is not sufficient to depend upon regarding ill-health and injury for the latest period but for illness it is below 2000 per 100 000 on an average while injury reporting has been below 1000, as per the Labour Force Survey (HSE 2010, 17). Although workplace fatalities are reducing but such accidents are happening in â€Å"low risk† industries such as retail, hospitality and financial companies to the extent that they have become a challenge for the employers; they have to face government questioning. Media also follows such accidents arduously. The near and d ear ones of the affected employee feel the loss the most. An employer has to face all these ordeals erupting from the catastrophe. Therefore, it is the foremost responsibility of the employer to get ready to know beforehand the emerging workplace tragedies before they happen. No employer can totally succeed in controlling such mishaps but must be ready with an emergency plan at the shortest notice (Foulke 2009). Whenever such a fatal accident at a workplace occurs, first priority is to deal with the emergency situation by arranging

During the 1950s and 1960s what methods did African American use to Essay

During the 1950s and 1960s what methods did African American use to get equal treatment - Essay Example frican-American leaders and organizations armed themselves with traditional and non-traditional methods of activism and engagement with a unified call for freedom, justice and equality. They sought good opportunities through lawsuits and labour organizations their aim was to end racial segregation through legal mechanisms and lobbying. Their best moment was the legal victory (Brown vs. Board of Education 1954) where the Supreme Court refused to separate white and colored school systems. The African-American leaders utilized the constitution guarantees and protections of the fifth and fourteenth amendments to overcome the prescribed second-class lifestyle that was largely enforced and accepted way of life among Africa-Americans. They used a host of intra-community resources and tactics which picked up through the use of; marches, sit-ins, bank-ins, protests, freedom rides and boycotts. These strategies that relied on the principles of non-violence radicalized a country comfortable with the use of violence and intimidation to keep the African-American in place. The first phase of the African-American protest began in December, 1955 when Rosa Parks from Montgomery, refused relinquish her seat to a white passenger in a bus. In so doing, she had defied the southern custom that required black passengers to give the white people seats that were towards the front of the bus. She was subsequently jailed and the boycott of the city buses’ commenced. Martin Luther King Jr. led the protest that lasted for more than a year. The boycott demonstrated the unity and determination the black community had to press for equality. This inspired other black community; even the advocates of the liberation viewed the black freedom struggle in global terms, as a movement for human rights and national self-determination for

Reflective Practice (qualititiave) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Reflective Practice (qualititiave) - Essay Example s responsible for the production of knowledge and/or theory, he/she was not responsible for its implementation or its practice (Green and Levin, 1998). Within the matrix of traditional research models, therefore, the researcher was neither reflector nor practitioner. The traditional research model constrained itself and limited its potentialities for the articulation of consistently practical, applicable and relevant knowledge. Delimiting the role of the researcher to collector, organiser, interpreter and disseminator of knowledge prevents researchers from reflective engagement with the topic of enquiry and, thus, detracts from the final output itself – the research. This, at least, ids the position held by a significant number of researchers (Reason, 1994; Park, 1999; Green and Levin, 1998; Reason and Bradbury, 2001; Bray et al., 2002). Having outlined the primary difference between traditional and non-traditional/reflective research, this present research shall now explore the strategies by, and through, which the researcher may integrate reflective approaches into qualitative enquiry projects. More specifically stated, following a definition and discussion of reflective research and its variant forms and strategies, the research will look into its potential contributions to a qualitative study on the social impacts of e-commerce. Reflective research represents both a reconsideration of the principles upon which traditional research is founded and, a break with it. The traditional research model, as briefly noted in the introductory paragraphs, demands separation between research and practice, between the researcher and the practitioner. Indeed, within the matrix of the research activity and the subsequent utilisation of its output, the roles of either are clearly separate. As Bray et al. (2002) note, the researcher’s role is confined to the production of findings and the practitioner’s role is the application of, and reflection upon, those

Impact of HR outsourcing and offshoring on attitudes and behaviour of Essay

Impact of HR outsourcing and offshoring on attitudes and behaviour of remaining employees - Essay Example he evidence from the present study on two groups of HR employees and on HR managers, it was clear that adverse impacts were caused by outsourcing, on employees’ emotions, job roles and the psychological contract. Further, there were detrimental outcomes in employees’ job satisfaction, motivation, and related factors. These adverse impacts were higher among the payroll employees, as compared to the project group employees who were generally confident of their present and future work roles in the company. This study is based on the theory of violation of psychological contract, and its link with the negative outcomes of outsourcing on HR in-house employees. Significantly, the HR managers expressed satisfaction in their transition to outsourcing, and believed that their employees also had a positive approach to the change. The significance of change management is recognized. Optimization of the change management process in INT Corporation using the ten principles of Corbett (2004), would facilitate a smooth transition to outsourcing, and positive impacts on in-house HR employees. Human Resource (HR) departments of companies expect to continue implementing their current strategies of outsourcing HR services. One of the main reasons is to reduce costs due to the weakened economy. Moreover, outsourcing helps to solve a number of operational problems and improves the efficiency of HR functions in an organization. By gaining access to outside expertise, service quality is improved greatly. Thus, â€Å"with the need to reduce costs, improve efficiency and maintain high levels of employee service† (Hewitt Associates 2009: 3), it is becoming increasingly important for HR to outsource some of their functions in order to deliver higher value to the business. Due to the significant benefits in HR outsourcing, it is vital to ensure that the transition to outsourcing is carried out in the best possible manner. â€Å"The foundation for a successful launch is built in throughout

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Assignment Example Mac Taylor (Gary Sinise) heading the team. Since the workplace setting is at the NYPD, the communication patterns exemplified and manifested in the series are comprised of highly professionalized with technical forensic details on the crimes the group intents to solve. Verbal communication patterns showed the relaying words which are clear and understandable despite differences from the cast’s ethical or educational backgrounds. Since the team is comprised of forensic investigators, the quality of information relayed manifests highly professional orientations with topics on medical diagnosis and prognosis of death being exchanged. Non verbal communication patterns through facial expressions, gestures, eye contacts, body signals are abundantly used due to the delicate nature of work being done on the scene. When investigations require silence because of the need to keep some pieces of information confidential until duly examined, the use of nonverbal communication patterns reveal the emotions and intents of the cast. The television series exemplifies that effective communication is relayed despite diversity in gender, race or cultural background through the use of both verbal and nonverbal communication patterns which are clearly understood by a team of highly professional people delving into a common goal: to solve crime at the most effective and scientific way. Another television series located in a fictitious William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio, uses the school as a workplace setting where various experiences of students with vocal talents are explored. The series is categorized as a musical comedy which earned various awards and citations. However, due to the enormity of characters presented in the series, the interplay of communication patterns was mainly focused and expressed through songs as the medium of self-expression. There are lots of power plays being manifested

HR Management and Motivation Essay Example for Free

HR Management and Motivation Essay High employee motivation is a function of many internal and external factors and can be intrinsically or extrinsically led. Many employers feel that the real objective of the supervisor or HR manager is to ensure that employees are intrinsically motivated. This is because such an employee works hard on his job because he enjoys it and wants to do it, and he may continue to do so regardless of extrinsic rewards to a certain extent (Schop, 2). I myself faced a situation recently where I had immense drive and enthusiasm to do that work and it was majorly sourced by intrinsic motivation. One of my professors was starting a community welfare club and requested students to join in as volunteers. We had to go to different organizations that worked with special people and spend time with them and do various activities. I joined in as a volunteer as well and started at a school that worked for the rehabilitation of special children. The first day was an eye opener for me. There were kids of all ages there, handicapped in some way or the other, and yet they were the sweetest and the most adorable children. Not only had I felt thankful to God for making me such a complete human being and for bestowing such blessings on me, but I also felt deeply for those children. I started visiting them twice a week and did various different activities with them for hours. Time always flew by quickly and all the children would hug and kiss me when I was leaving. After leaving that place, I always felt a strange sense of tranquility over me and great personal satisfaction. It was a great feeling to be doing something for those who are less privileged than us. The love they showed me, the thankfulness in their gestures and the smiles in the eyes was enough to take me there every other day. I started to love spending time there with those people, and started to visit them more and more regularly, taking various things with me for them. From twice a week to thrice, I started spending ten to fifteen hours a week over there. This was all because I loved going there and enjoyed every minute I spent there. The pleasure, the comfort and the satisfaction after spending time there intrinsically motivated me. Seeing my dedication, my professor made me the leader of the volunteers working there, which added to my motivation. He gave me full autonomy and freedom to decide and plan activities, shifts and rotations. I had a chance to introduce more fun activities there for the children and plan the work of volunteers, and this also added to my motivation. Encouraging leadership and responsibility opportunities serves as one of the true motivators (N. a, 3) and proves to be very encouraging for the worker. Not only this, my professor also from time to time encouraged me and complimented me on my efforts. These things added to the drive I already had because the appreciation made me feel even nicer about my work. I was then asked to expand our volunteer network and organize a proper recruitment drive from various other schools and colleges. I planned the whole process with my team and we went to different institutions and did interviews. The entire responsibility for this was on me and I this again served as a great motivation tool. I started worked harder and harder on it and gave in my full energy and dedication to this activity. My professor was highly impressed by my drive and the contributions I was making to his cause. At the annual dinner for students, he gave me a certificate of appreciation for being the most effective contributor in front of the entire student and faculty body. I felt a great moment of pride at that point and it further instilled in me the drive to work for this cause. I still volunteer for the children and our network of volunteers, which started from fifteen students, has now expanded to over a sixty students. My motivation was highly intrinsic and self instilled because of the satisfaction I got from doing something for those people. But it was also complemented and enhanced by my professor who from time to time encouraged me, and added to my drive by giving me an opportunity to exercise freedom and autonomy. The reward in the end was an extrinsic tool that also encouraged me to further pursue it with more energy and enthusiasm.

Prohibition of Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Prohibition of Fast Food Essay Nowadays, one of the biggest industries in the whole world today is fast food chains, lots of cities around the world are full of fast food restaurants more than ever. Therefore, a lot of people eat fast food because it’s cheap, especially during this moment of crisis that were facing. So, would it be productive if such food was banned? There are some advantages and disadvantages about banning fast food restaurants because of various reasons. Let’s look into it and see for ourselves if it is really worth the while. On the one hand, if new fast food restaurant openings are banned, I think that it might not have much of an effect. However, it would be more productive for the city to provide incentives for supermarkets in order to make healthy food within reach of local residents. Moreover, almost everybody is aware that these fast food chains serve menus with a high calorie content and, consequently, this causes problems of obesity, heart diseases, diabetes and other heart related issues. On the other hand, as I said previously, a lot of people eat this kind of food because it is cheap or because the lack of time to cook at home that they have. Furthermore, fast food chains are improving their menus by releasing lower calorie food. What we cannot do is to forbid people from going to these places to eat or suddenly prohibit selling this kind of food in the supermarkets. If people want to eat fast food it is up to them, however they should be aware of the problems eating this junk food implies. As a conclusion, I would say that people cannot ban something that is widely accepted and patronized. Maybe a recommendation can be made but still, fast food chains are too much powerful, so it would be impossible to ban them especially when money is a primary concern.

Review of Hydro Boost Water Gel

Review of Hydro Boost Water Gel Neutrogena, a long visible player in the hair and skin care industry, has produced many products that has been proven to give positive results for clearer, softer skin and cleaner, healthier hair.  Ã‚   Hydro Boost Water Gel is one of the many products that promises better skin.   This is our review of Hydro Boost Water Gel. What is Hydro Boost Water Gel? Hydro Boost Water Gel is a unique skin cream made with purified hyaluronic acid that provides long-lasting moisture to dry skin.  Ã‚   Its noncomedogenic, oil-free formula is designed to be absorbed quickly into the skin to hydrate and seal in the moisture.  Ã‚   It dries to a matte finish so you can wear it underneath makeup and it will not clog pores. How Does Hydro Boost Water Gel Works? To get the best results from Hydro Boost Water Gel, you must first start with a freshly cleansed face.   Gently smooth on the cream onto the skin. The hyaluronic acid holds up to twice its weight in moisture which makes the skin feel plump and moist.  Ã‚   The glycerin in the cream helps to seal in the moisture molecules to keep it from evaporating from the skin.   Sealing the moisture in will help you to avoid the need to reapply the cream throughout the day.   Your skin will keep the hydrated, fresh feeling all day. The product is pale blue in color and it feels cool to the touch.  Ã‚   It has a crisp, aquatic scent with a cooling sensation when applied to the skin.   The product absorbs very quickly into the skin much like a gel, but it has the lasting properties of a cream. Hydro Boost Water Gel Pricing Hydro Boost Water Gel is available in many stores and online.  Ã‚   Amazon is selling a 1.7-fluid-ounce jar for $18.99. Who Made Hydro Boost Water Gel? Neutrogena, the self-professed number one dermatologist-recommended skincare brand, is the creator and distributor of the Hydro Boost Water Gel.   This company was founded in 1930 by Emanuel Stolaroff under the original name Natrone.   Years later, the company changed its name to Neutrogena, which is the name of its most popular bar soap.  Ã‚   It is currently a brand owned by the famous Johnson and Johnson Company and it manufactures and sells skin and hair care products in over 70 countries. Hydro Boost Water Gel Reviews The Hydro Boost Water Gel has been very well received amongst its customers.   On Amazon, it has a rating of 4.7 out of five stars and over 97 percent of the customers actively recommending it to others.   Many people have stated that they were very impressed with how quickly the cream absorbed into the skin.   They stated that the cream left no greasy residue and they could apply makeup over it with no problems.   They also stated that they did not feel the need to refresh the cream throughout the day, verifying that the cream lasts for all-day wear as advertised. Pros It is oil-free and will not clog up your pores Contains purified hyaluronic acid Has a very fast absorption rate Dries with a matte finish for wear underneath makeup Created by a company with a highly successful history with quality ingredients Has received very good ratings from customers There have been no reports of allergic reactions to the cream Cons This formula is tested on animals The amount of hyaluronic acid is relatively low compared to competing products on the market The jar packaging can create a hygiene and freshness issue with the product as it does allow the introduction of air into the cream, which could degrade the effective of the product and introduce bacteria into the jar regardless of method used to remove the product from the jar for use Should You Use Hydro Boost Water Gel? The Hydro Boost Water Gel is a moisturizing product that was created by Neutrogena, a juggernaut in the skin and hair care industry.   This product imparts moisture into clean skin and then seals in the moisture to retain hydration.   Many people have had impressive results using this cream, with most of them marveling at the speed of absorption of the cream into the skin.  Ã‚   Since this product is available in so many places, you should be able to walk into your neighborhood store and purchase it if you dont want to wait for Amazon delivery.  Ã‚   If you are looking for a long-lasting cream that can keep your skin hydrated all day and wears well underneath makeup, then you should give this product a try.

summer reading :: essays research papers

Summer reading is given to students every year. It is an assignment handed out which is to be completed by the time school starts next year. It is compiled of a list of books in which one must be chosen and read. The assignment also includes a project, usually one that requires time and effort that must be completed as well. Schools are out for the summer. There are no more teachers and no more books. Students are ready for two months of summer fun. Going to the beach and hanging out with friends is what summer is all about. Nowhere in that itinerary does it include reading a book and completing a project. With all the activities going on there is no time to read, let alone finish a project. I find myself procrastinating until the last possible second. By the time I even pick up the book summer is over and the project is due. Incentive is nearly impossible. For some students summer reading gives them something to do. For many, myself included, this assignment is not interesting. It is a complete waste of time. I have no drive to read a story and complete a project in which I express no enthusiasm in. I consider this assignment to be busy work English teachers give to students over the summer. The summer reading project is not only a waste of time for students, but a waste of time for teachers as well. Any student is able to receive information about the book from friends; even the internet contains information about the book. Not once having to open the book and actually read a student can complete the given assignment. A teacher already knows what the story is about. There is no desire to grade a project that someone has put forth half the effort due to the fact they took the easy way out. Any student can get an easy â€Å"A† on this project but that is not the point.

Daniel Webster :: Essays Papers

Daniel Webster Born January 18, 1782, in Salisbury, New Hampshire, Daniel Webster was a central figure in the nation's history. He successfully combined his political and legal career and played a role as lawyer, congressman, orator, secretary of state, leader of two parties, and a presidential candidate. His father, recognizing that his son was more suited for scholastics than for farm life, ensured that Daniel received an education. Webster studied at the Phillips Exeter Academy before enrolling at Dartmouth in 1797. Webster eventually graduated from Dartmouth College in 1801. Webster opened a legal practice in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in1807. Rising quickly as a lawyer and Federalist party leader, Webster was elected in 1812 to the U.S. House of Representatives because of his opposition to the War of 1812, which had crippled New England's shipping trade. After two more terms in the House, Webster left Congress in 1816 and moved to Boston. Over the next six years, he won major constitutiona l cases before the Supreme Court most notably, Dartmouth College Vs. Woodward, Gibbons Vs Ogden, and McCulloch Vs. Maryland, establishing himself as the nation's leading lawyer and an outstand outstanding orator. In 1823, Webster was returned to Congress from Boston, and in 1827 he was elected senator from Massachusetts. New circumstances enabled Webster to become a champion of American nationalism. With the Federalist party dead, he joined the National Republican party, allying himself with Westerner Henry CLAY and endorsing federal aid for roads in the West. In 1828, the dominant economic interests of Massachusetts having shifted from shipping to manufacturing, Webster backed the high-tariff bill of that year. Angry Southern leaders condemned the tariff, and South Carolina's John C. CALHOUN argued that his state had the right to nullify the law. Replying to South Carolina's Robert HAYNE in a Senate debate in 1830, Webster triumphantly defended the Union. His words "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" won wide acclaim. Webster and President Andrew Jackson joined forces in 1833 to suppress South Carolina's attempt to nullify the tariff. But Webster and other opponents of Jackson--now known as Whigs (see WHIG PARTY, United States)--battled him on other issues, including his attack on the National Bank. Webster ran for the presidency in 1836 as one of three Whig party candidates but carried only Massachusetts. For the remainder of his career he aspired vainly to the presidency.

Uneasy Homecoming Assignment

Murray Leinster (June 16, 1896 – June 8, 1975) was a pen name of William Fitzgerald Jenkins; His father was an accountant. Although both parents were born in Virginia, the family lived in Manhattan. He began his career as a freelance writer, an award-winning American writer, of science fiction and alternate history. He wrote and published over 1,500 short stories and articles, 14 movie scripts, and hundreds of radio scripts and television plays.In World War I, Leinster served with the United States Army (1917–1918). In 1921, he married Mary Mandola. Uneasy homecoming is a book, which genuinely would suit most individuals, and is a very hooking short fiction novel to grasp hold of, as I am not one for that particular genre of book, however once I got into it I honestly couldn’t stop reading it. This is why its unquestionably one of my favourite books I’ve read for a long time!In this evaluation I intend to focus on â€Å"Uneasy Homecoming† and to ana lyze Jenkins, influence and effectiveness of techniques he uses throughout the story, to understand how he maintains the level of anticipation and suspense achieved which is very nerve racking. A short summary of Uneasy Homecoming by the author Will Jenkins, This story is focused on Connie who has arrived at her part of town, where her friends lived, after a two-week holiday. Upon reaching her house, which was the only one on the other side of the bay, her nearest neighbour’s houses were built across the bay.Once she was inside her home, she knew that her partner (Tom), would be reaching home around midnight (But Connie felt unsettled and nervous without him). Connie went outside into the garden and failed to see someone or something move by the garage, furthermore, there was a motorbike leaning against the garage wall while walking back towards the house Connie once again failed to notice the pantry window which was wide open, she quickly turned on all the lights to reassure herself, she phoned Mrs.Winston her older lady friend for some comfort talk however this soon disappeared when Mrs Winston stated â€Å"I do hope your house is alright, its been dreadful here! Didn’t you hear? † As several other houses had been burgled including Mr Saddlers shop was robbed and Mr Field the cashier was almost beaten to death, Mrs Winston offered for her to stay around until Tom was home however that meant for creepy Charles coming to pick her up and she definitely didn’t want that so she declined the offer, of support.She started for the stairs in the dark once she’d reached the top she switched that light on as well, she went into her room and noticed that someone had been in there and smoked cigarettes and casually dropped the buts on the rug, moreover the bedspread was ruffled as if someone had been lying down on it. Connie questioned herself as to what could possibly be under her bed†¦ as she peered under the bed she found a bulg ing bag †¦ FULL OF STOLEN LOOT! She dragged it out and emptied its contents onto the floor and instantaneously recognised some of the items.She went to the bedroom door; her house had been used as a hiding place for the burglaries had been taking place whilst her and Tom had been away. Mr. Field must have recognized the burglar. They’d know that she would be at home found the loot and phone the police? The pantry was dark as she was whimpering afraid to enter, but she soon realised the pantry window was broken for forced entry. There was a thump and her heart suddenly stopped beating. The refrigerator cut off. It was a coincidence of course. She felt along the walls to get to the phone though she couldn’t see the dial.He was in the house and he knew he had to kill her. She saw the back door where he forgot to shut it properly; the key to the door was missing. As she fled treading on the grass careful not tread on the gravel, as this will make sounds and alert the intruder, he still hadn’t guessed that she was outside. Connie saw the motorcycle and got the gasoline out found a book of matches in her pocket and struck it and ran away, because this would be seen across the bay and alert people that Connie’s house was on fire, she saw the figure trying to plunge out but itdidn’t work. ‘He could’ve murdered her, Connie,’ yet Mrs Winston was the mother of ‘him’. The protagonist in this fictional novel is Connie as the whole story is purely based about her feelings and what’s happening around her. The story is set in a village (she lives near close friends) and she lives across the bay from all of the other houses and is quite isolated from the community a perfect setting for a fiction horror novel especially because classic horrors happen in eerie places like these.In addition to that Jenkins expertly interweaves this theme of female vulnerability and crime with being on her own, lonesom e without a man/husband (Tom) to support her through the evening in a creepy mansion with no other neighbours around, this creates the impression of a tense atmosphere because Connie is alone, far from any other houses, which means that there was not anybody close to her if she needed any help.I also felt sorry for her at times and think that the tension in the story would be totally different if her husband, Tom, had arrived home first as woman are more vulnerable to darkness and predators than men, to show the reader the defenseless side of Connie, being on your own and experiencing a man trying to murder before she releases information to people of the village of his doings and whereabouts. I think the author purposely makes the protagonist a woman because compared to men women are seen as frail and weak especially in a horror movie.in the setting Jenkins has described. Women are weaker character than men and would generally feel more fear than a male character if he were to be t he protagonist, the male would challenge the intruder whereas the female is trying to hide herself in the shadows in fear Jenkins really emphasizes this in Connie’s emotions when in the story it suggests â€Å" she felt a need to be quiet to hide herself† this is very effective because it shows how much terror she has within her.I also noticed that throughout â€Å"Uneasy Homecoming† Connie does not hold back in expressing her fear. Many times in the short story the writer shows expression such as â€Å"Connie found herself weeping†. Consequently this made me think that something was about to happen, therefore, I felt sorry for her at times. An effective technique that W. F. Jenkins uses is in the short story he allows the reader to know more than the main character and that she might be in danger. For example, †she had looked straight at the back door without seeing what there was to be seen†.This kind of phrase gives me a feeling to urge Con nie to safety. The theme of crime really pushes all boundaries when it comes to crime/horror novels and to be fair he situation gets even worse for Connie because not only is she unaccompanied yet shes got the fright of a unexpected man using her house daily while she was away, now she has to face him which makes the atmosphere more jumpy and the reader is anticipating and predicting what could happen next and are on the edge of their seat. Jenkins cleverly stresses this.Jenkins word choice is vital for this particular genre of short story because every aspect is described in detail, which is essential because he describes with powerful words in short sentences like â€Å"She recognized him† or things like this as well â€Å"Connie noticed nothing† these are short effective sentences, because, essentially in short stories you cant drag on for long sentences as you have a short story to write not a long one therefore you word choice has to be chosen very carefully and a ccurately to sustain the reader attention.I have chosen 5 quotations from the book: â€Å"The red dying sun, cast long shadows across the road† (P1), the time of day is very important in uneasy homecoming the writer deliberately sets the short story at night with a â€Å"red dying sun† a sign of danger in the air and the perfect setting for a horror books or movies. In the story he wrote â€Å"The red dying sun, cast long shadows across the road† this is important because it put a picture in my mind of an evening with a fading sun and unusual shaped shadows, that seem to move, creating a tense and unsettled atmosphere.â€Å"She recognized him† (P8) another positive point about this key quotation is the sentence structure and paragraphing, throughout most of the story the sentences are short, slowing down the action, â€Å"She recognized him† this an example of a short sentence and a short paragraph these keep the reader on the edge of their seat, i n contrast when the reader does come to a large paragraph it gives a long vivid it gives a long vivid description. In that specific quote its only three words therefore making it short, punctual and straightforward and tells you directly what’s happening and he is really emphasizing this command.â€Å"In the lighted living room, she had the feeling of someone staring at her, from the dark outside†(P4) its like her 6th sense is working hard because she knows her thought is ridiculous and its in her head however, unfortunately she needs a logical explanation, what is more is, her coherent reasoning is not there, â€Å"The lighted living room† is quite eerie especially with contrast to â€Å"The dark outside† it’s the perfect situation to think that there is someone or something staring at her but its an illusion as well as because shes alone in a mansion like house with just her inside it in her position I could understand.â€Å"She hastened despera tely to turn out the rest. The dining room. Lights out, the windows were locked. The pantry. It was dark.Whimpering she was afraid to enter†(P7), one of the adjectives is hastened, it is so much more effective than any other word Jenkins could’ve used because it means (at no expense/ be quick to do something and then the fact she did it desperately shows us how much she needed to turn all the lights out on the other hand she was feeling very susceptible and open to anything that could potentially happen, as we read further on in that quote each sentence is getting shorter and shorter almost to show the restlessness in how she was switching everything off and Jenkins has cleverly intertwined that in his sentence structure.â€Å"The men who prey on others†(P10) throughout the â€Å"Uneasy Homecoming† the main character played a very important part in creating a tense atmosphere. The main character, Connie, developed a sense of fear about man hunting women. T he writer develops this character by writing such things as â€Å"the unnerving realization that the fears she’d had about Them, â€Å"The men who prey on others†. This phrase in particular shows that Connie is a worried, insecure person who frets about becoming a victim of â€Å"Them†. The capital letter is there to show the importance Connie gives these people.This person or people are constantly on Connie’s mind worrying her during the novel. I think the main reason why the author uses words like; ridiculous, silly, absurd and nonsense when Connie is scared is mainly because Jenkins wants you to think that it is nonsense to dismiss the idea out of your head and Connie’s too. Jenkins in his book uses many figures of speech and I think that this is a good thing and to be fair I observed right from the beginning of the story. More importantly this makes it interesting for the reader some of them are interesting others aren’t, here are two, which really grabbed my attention.â€Å"Her knees were water† (P5) this got me because it s not literately saying her knees were water its an expression almost to say she was so scared her knees were shivering, a really powerful figure of speech which got me on the edge of my seat. â€Å"There was a thump† (P5) this is an example of a really great and influential figure of speech because it uses onomatopoeia in it a thump gets me scared because Im wondering why she heard that when and where! Which interests me a lot. In his short fiction horror novel Will F Jenkins uses a lot of diverse literary techniques.Another technique the writer uses is noises in the story or lack of them. Continuously throughout the story one particular noise is mentioned, â€Å"the hum of the refrigerator†. This noise creates a tense atmosphere because it is the only sound Connie can hear if this is then interrupted something or someone must be in the house. The author helps to create a sense of realism within the book because he knew what the readers wanted and genuinely didn’t go over the top. My favourite part of the novel has to be the hunt. The hunt is the part of the story where the burglar patrolling the house looking for Connie.Connie just narrowly escapes. During the hunt Connie is terrified, many points are made about her fear such as â€Å"She felt that she would lie down at any instant and scream†. It is remarks such as these that created a tense atmosphere throughout the hunt. My favourite sentence must be â€Å"Connie bent and peered under the bed† simply because it’s a silly idea yet so influential and significant furthermore it’s the fact that shes worked herself up into such a state about it when she does know deep down there nothing under there. More importantly I can relate to this, as will many others.A cliffhanger ending is a plot device in fiction, which features a main character in a precarious or difficult dilemma, or confronted with a shocking revelation at the end of an episode of serialized fiction. In Uneasy Homecoming the author tries to almost end it on a cliffhanger â€Å"But Mrs. Winston was the other of one of them† it ends on something for your brain to work out I loved the way he put that last sentence because I had to think for the answer and I fully enjoyed it, generally I think he ended it like that for importance and above all it’s a much better ending rather than just giving the game away.Having analyzed Jenkins, his novel is wonderful and it is clear that suspense and tension are ever present throughout Uneasy Homecoming, Jenkins carefully chosen themes, word choice and literary techniques all input in helping to sustain the theme of female vulnerability, darkness and being alone which I think are the main three point Jenkins tries to really focus on which keeps the story level headed, the writer does use various techniques to create a tense atmosphere i n the story.Although the writer created a very entertaining tense atmosphere, the ending was not nerve wracking enough compared to the other nail biting moments in the story. If the burglar had found Connie, I feel that it would have been a better ending. Overall I would give congratulations to W. F. Jenkins for the creation of a suspend-filled story of an uneasy feeling.

1. Carefully Explain the Concept of Economic Meltdown. Answer: the Term Economic Meltdown Is the Going Down of the Rate of Economic Activity of a Country, in the Simplest Term, Economic Meltdown, Could Be Called

1. Carefully explain the concept of economic meltdown. Answer: The term economic meltdown is the going down of the rate of economic activity of a country, in the simplest term, economic meltdown, could be called economic â€Å"Go-slow† just like traffic jam which grind. The first and foremost action that an organization must take is to cut cost, this is because during these tough times, we all must make the utmost effort to save money, take care of expenses such as electricity stationery unnecessary wastage of resources in factories, office and other work places. One would of course face a lot of problem but there are solutions. Again instead of sacking employees, a pay cut of say 11-16% for the employees is a more acceptable solution than carrying off people. The government is required to take action by cutting down taxes so that people will have more money to spend and therefore the economy can come back to track. 2. What are likely the causes and effect of economic meltdown on cost of production in an organization. The likely causes of economic meltdown in cost of production in an organization are: a. The culture of the people within the immediate vicinity as it affects the employees, belief systems, byelaws and traditions. b. The organizational market-share and protection, its financial capabilities, resources availability, credibility and goodwill c. The nations economic position, competition from internal and international organizations, supplies of production equipment and materials. . High rate of importation: this has been a great menace to the production of a company as many commodities are imported and on the long run other economies benefits e. Inflation: The effect of inflation is not distributed evenly in the economy and as a consequence there are short fall of money and goods. The supply of money is a major, but not the only cause of inflation, organization for economic cooperation and development. However, frequent economic meltdown that could not be explained scholar’s though accelerated consumption and production of goods and services. From economic crisis of 2008 (According to the National Bureau of Economic Research) much of the over production turned to cause deflation. f. Poor health. Due to poor animal husbandry production and storage this demand for milk far outstipping supplies use of other potentially harmful chemical. g. Nuclear power: Nuclear waste production transport and cost over runs on nuclear plants due to regulatory issues.

Dr. Jr

1) Describe what occurs in each of the four parts of the hydrologic cycle and how each part of the hydrologic cycle is related to the next part of the cycle. The four parts of the hydrologic cycle are evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff. Water evaporated from the ocean eventually condenses as water droplets in clouds. If the cloud grows large enough, the droplets coalesce and fall as precipitation, mostly as rain, sometimes as snow or ice.The cycling of water molecules from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean. 2) Examine the northwestern portion in the country of Brazil in Figures 2-33, 4-14 and 4-22. a) What type of climate does northwestern Brazil experience? Humid Equatorial b) What type of soil does northwestern Brazil have? c) What type of biome is located in northwestern Brazil? 3) Based on your answers from #2, explain the relationships that exist between the climate, soil and biome of northwestern Brazil. ) According to Figure 4-22, i n which major terrestrial biome is eastern Nebraska classified? What major terrestrial biome classification is located to the east of that found in eastern Nebraska? Which climate factor (temperature or precipitation) explains the difference between the two biomes? 5) Explain the terms deforestation and desertification. Give one example of how the two are different. Give one example of how the two are similar. ) What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource? Give one example of each. 7) What is temperature inversion, and how does it affect urban air pollution problems? 8) What is meant by the term â€Å"nonpoint source pollution†? List two examples. 9) Describe, with an example of each, the influences of cultural values, level of technology, and economic systems on natural resource value. 10) Explain two arguments for and two arguments against nuclear power.

Marketing for services

Hello Mr Negru Welcome to Vodafone and thanks for choosing us. We know sometimes it's the small things that can make your mobile experience even better. So, below you'll find help on setting up your phone and information on the wide range of benefits you can enjoy on Vodafone. In this email you'll also find information on what you get with your price plan and any extras you might have added.We hope you'll have a great time with Vodafone, but if you're not happy with your device, you'll need to go back to he company you bought it from to find out what to do next. Once again, welcome to Vodafone and thanks for choosing us. Vodafone Customer Services team Your account details Account number 687970078 Mobile number 07449659303 Contract start 14-jun-13 Minimum commitment end UK minutes UK texts UNLIMITED UK internet 500MB Monthly line rental E43.OO Voice calls, internet and messaging within the UK from UK mobiles Standard UK call charges Cost per minute (1 minute minimum call charge) Call s to any Vodafone I-JK mobile, standard UK landline starting 01, 02, 03) and voicemail 35P Other mobile networks within the UK Non-geographic numbers (starting Non-geographic numbers (starting 0845 and 0870) 14p Freefone numbers starting.

A Reflection on Chapter Six of Second Language Learning Theories

A Reflection on Chapter Six of Second Language Learning Theories Chapter six focuses on the recent development of knowledge pertaining to the relationship between L2 development and native speakers. We are reminded of terms, such as: Input Hypothesis, recasts, prompts, and Output Hypothesis which help us formulate and identify aspects of L2 language development. The evaluation section of chapter six is split into several sections. The scope of interactionist research is often founded on Evelyn Hatch as early inspiration. Hatch said, â€Å"one learns how to do conversation, one learns how to interact verbally, and out of the interaction syntactic structures are developed,† (2013, p.184). I found the interaction approach with the nature of language and with the nature of learning most interesting in this chapter. The interaction approach with the nature of language is stemmed from the Input Hypothesis and the early version of the Interaction Hypothesis. This part of the approach views oral interaction as a necessary part of a sequence for second language development. Included in the oral interaction is opportunities for clarification and recasts. It is so important to remember the nature of language in this approach into our classrooms, so that we can see The interaction approach with the nature of learning is stemmed from similar roots as the nature of language with Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, but this one assumes the presence of a distinctive language acquisition device. This emphasizes learners’ attention and L2 processing capacity. Knowing a learner’s capacity will help us individualize our teaching strategies and help each learner feel like they can be successful in the classroom. The nature of learning also emphasizes the necessity of feedback on the learner. Feedback should be clear and concise for optimal effect (p.186). In conclusion, understanding the interactionist research will help us become better teachers and help us understand where our English language learners are from. We need to keep in mind each learner’s capacity to learn at a time, and we need to remember how oral interaction and feedback advances learning to help each of our student’s L2 development.

Is No Child Left Behind Working Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is No Child Left Behind Working - Essay Example Within this context, the Federal government aims to provide economic aid to the state/ local educational agencies to uplift the academic standards of the present educational system in schools. Besides, the success of NCLB was fully vested upon the beneficiaries of the foretold educational policy. The basic factor of NCLB is to help the children with disabilities to acquire an important position within the educational system of the states in USA. As pointed out earlier, the aim of the federal government was systematic but the foretold educational innovation proves to be less successful because the federal government acted the role of a funding agency, not as an authority with full fledged power to alter the implementation and assessment of NCLB. Positives and negatives One can easily identify that the implementation of NCLB is with a number of positive and negative effects within the educational scenario. Gary L. Anderson opines that â€Å"On the positive side, some principals were a ble to use the leverage NCLB gave them to selectively implement some good programs† (27).

Solving The Moral Dilemma Of Janet Moore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Solving The Moral Dilemma Of Janet Moore - Essay Example If there are any misgivings about the firm or if I don’t like the product and goals, then I should not join the firm. This reasoning applies to manufacturers of alcohol products and arms. As per the case, the firm aggressively targets younger children with low-nicotine mint and cherry-flavored products so that they would graduate to the two much stronger and best selling brands. The issue that arises now but which has not been mentioned in the case is how does the snuff product compare with cigarettes. The case does not mention the comparison between the two products for addiction and harms done to the body and it is further assumed that the two products have the same levels. Cigarette marketing and branding are widely accepted and if the addiction and harm levels are same, then the marketing job that Janet is exploring should be acceptable. However, Janet has to take cognizance of the Kantian Philosophy of treating men as means to achieve an end. This attitude is callous as Kant argues that while men can be used as a means, they must be also treated as an end in themselves (Seidler, 1986). Therefore Janet has to realize that what her senior Karen says is also true, that they can use the job as a means to improve the firms' image and to save peoples lives. There are a number of lawsuits being files about the dangers of the tobacco product. Soon the firm would be in serious trouble. Janet and Karen can use their training and education to modify the marketing campaign to bring in the principle of utility. A balance can be struck between obtaining the required sales revenues yet prevent younger age children from being targeted by the Ad campaigns. Janet should take up the job more as a challenge and because she believes in the good that she can bring to kids. She could explore the concept of corporate social responsibility and ensure that the product carries enough health warnings and that people are aware of the dangers.

Reflective commentary of research process Paper

Reflective commentary of process - Research Paper Example Furthermore, I felt that my dissertation should contribute to the wellbeing of the society that I am a member of. From this holistic perspective, I chose to study the literature on disaster management and its status in this country. My search of the relevant background information gave me an understanding of the steps that have been undertaken in disaster management in America, to prepare the nation in meeting the threats that are posed by natural and man made calamities. Several agencies and elements contribute to effective preparedness of the nation to face calamities. Scrutiny of the elements led me to understand that a critical element in disaster preparedness focused on those that are called upon the scene or voluntarily present themselves at the scene of a disaster to provide succour to the disaster victims at the outset. Therefore, disaster preparedness of a nation hinged on what we may term these ‘first responders’ at the site of a disaster. My next exploration i n the background literature pertained to these first responders, and the measures that have been taken to increase the effectiveness of the first responders at disaster sites. I found that there was ample information on the measures that were taken, but limited information on the effectiveness of the measures that have been put in place, to enhance the efficacy of the first responders to disaster sites. Therefore, I decided that my research should focus on this area, and have chosen to do a critical review on the disaster preparedness in America, tracing the background of disaster preparedness efforts in the nation, and the importance of the first responders, and finally focussing on assessing the preparedness of the first responders to cope with disaster management. Having found my research problem, the next task I undertook was to find a suitable title for my dissertation. My reading of information on the development of titles for a dissertation provided the information of the tit le needing to be succinct and catchy. After a great deal of thought I arrived at the conclusion of highlighting the subject of the study and the focus of the study through the title† Disaster Management: An Evaluation of the Disaster Preparedness of the â€Å"First Responders†. Developing the Objectives of the Study From the volume of information that was being collected, I realized that I needed to set objectives for my study, if not I would meander in finding the solutions for the subject and focus of the study, making my study aimless and results not gratifying for the efforts put in. My readings on setting objectives for the study also made me realize to keep myself focused on a limited set of objectives that were achievable, and not to try to take on more than I could chew. With this in mind, I developed three objectives that were achievable and relevant to providing answers to the problem that I was studying in detail. Developing the Research Method Having set my objectives, the next step in my journey in creating the dissertation proposal was in finding the efficient means to achieving the objectives of finding answers I was searching for that would be academically reliable and valid. All my earlier experiences in dissertations and my readings of dissertations clearly marked out that choosing the research method required me

McKenzie Corporations Capital Budgeting Assignment

McKenzie Corporations Capital Budgeting - Assignment Example It is of immense importance that one gets the knowledge on the market as well as comprehends the nature of the economy. Based on the calculated values the stockholders are better off with an expansion in the company. This is because the value is higher by $9 million that implies that the firm's value, as well as the profits, would increase. Question 2 Debt of Company - $34 million Expected value of debt without the expansion = 0.30*34 + 0.50*34 + 0.20*34 = $34 million. The expansion is fully financed by equity this implies that the debt does not change. Therefore, the value of expected debt will remain the same with no changes. Question 3 Expected value of the company without expansion =E (value of company) =P (Low)*V (Low) +P (Normal)*V (Normal) + P (High)*V (High) =0.3*30 +0.5*35 + 0.2*51 = $36.7 million Expected value of the company with expansion =E (value of company) =P (Low)*V (Low) + P (Normal)*V (Normal) +P (High)*V (High) - Cost of financing = .30*33 + .50*46 + .20*64 -8.4 = $ 37.3 million The value of debt remains the same this implies that the additional value would be for the stockholders. The value expected for the stockholders = 0.6 million while the expected value for the bondholders =0. Change in the expected net Value due to the expansion =37.3 - 36.7= 0.6 million Question 4 An expansion of the company there will lead to a decrease in debt to equity ratio as well as long-term risk of the company. This is because the equity of the company will rise. The bond value, as well as the price of bonds for the company, will increase. This will also be accompanied by an increase in the profits to both stockholders as well as bondholders of the company (Ross, 390). Without an expansion, the value of bonds in the company will not change. The status of the bondholders remains unchanged, as well. The value of the debt remains as $34 million. Question 5 Without expansion, the equity of the company remains the same in the next year as in the current year. This is since additional capital will not be necessary if there is no expansion. Debt is, therefore, not of the essence in both the present and the future the company as it will not be able to borrow (Ross, 390). This will be in the case where the company continues to decrease their current debt. The company will not have greater equity in the next year once the debt covenants are over. This implies that the company will not access the financing it needs to expand. If the company expands, it will not be able to raise the debt. This is because they are prohibited from issuing any additional borrowing. They would then need to do the expansion by means of equity

Small Business & Entrepreneurship Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Small Business & Entrepreneurship - Coursework Example Medical Services Tourism is not without many business risks, including high levels of competition from intermediary companies designed to help consumers plan itineraries for medical services. There are also risks to the client that must be considered, including ensuring that they fully understand their own health risks so as to secure liability factors for the business itself. In terms of strategic objectives, a comprehensive risk management system must be developed. However, outside of these risks, profit potential is quite considerable due to the large customer demand that exists in many different foreign countries. Singapore was chosen as the country to launch the new Medical Services Tourism company because of its award-winning infrastructure, the ability to raise new capital through a variety of means and even for the education system that can provide quality employment for the business by skilled professionals. Singapore is ideal for Medical Services Tourism and this business plan provides a comprehensive plan for the launch of the company. Medical Services Tourism is a start up company with an onsite facility for receipt of travellers and to satisfy their inquiries on medical tourism. The company will gain profit from several different business activities related to the tourism industry in Singapore. Medical Services Tourism will act as an agent that facilitates tourism of international citizens looking for quality and affordable health care that they might not be able to achieve in their home country. The agency will have tie-ups with hospitals in not only Singapore, but other foreign countries. The agency will coordinate patient transfers that it receives from overseas hospitals and acts as a referring agent to cost-effective local hospitals in Singapore based on their own unique needs. The agency will make profit by charging commission on these

In what ways does Islam encourage submission (To God) Essay

In what ways does Islam encourage submission (To God) - Essay Example Muslims do not use symbols in the way other religions do, but where a symbol is needed, a star and crescent moon is the one most often used (Penny 1999). According to Murata and Chittick (2006), â€Å"submission to god†, in the Islamic view, has four basic connotations. In the broadest sense, it refers to the fact that every living creature submits to God by being His handiwork; thus no choice is involved. In the next three senses, men have the option whether or not to follow. In the second sense, islam means obedience to God’s guidance as brought by the prophets, in the third where Islam is used as a proper noun, it denotes compliance to the guidance of God as stated in the Qur’an, and in the last and narrowest sense, it means observing the Five Pillars in general and the Shariah in particular (Murata & Chittick, 2006). The Five Pillars of Islam The five pillarsof Islam are not real pillars, but are doctrines that supports the religion (Penny, 1999). They are th e core beliefs that shape Muslim thought, deed, and society.   A Muslim who fulfills the Five Pillars of Islam, remains in the faith of Islam, and sincerely repents of his sins, will make it to paradise (carm.org 2010). However, if he performs the Five Pillars but does not remain in the faith, he will not be saved. 1. Shahadah. The first pillar demands acceptance of the most important thing that Muslims believe in. It means â€Å"there is no other God but Allah, and Muhammad is the prophet of Allah.† These are the words first taught to a baby, or are spoken last by a dying Muslim. They are uttered upon waking up in the morning, before going to sleep at night, and in every prayer. 2. Salah. The second pillar is the name for the obligatory prayers that are performed five times a day, and a direct link between the worshipper and God. Followers pray in the morning, three times during the day, and at night. They break off from any activity and face in the direction of Makkah whe n the time for prayer comes. Muslims do not necessarily have to be in a mosque, but must come to a clean place to pray. 3. Zakah. The third pillar upholds giving to the poor and needy. An important principle of Islam is that everything belongs to God, and that wealth is therefore held by human beings in trust. Muslims are expected to give about 2.5 percent of the amount they have left after all basic necessities are acquired. They believe that this is a part of their duty to Allah and their fellow Muslims, and that being tight-fisted is immoral. 4. Sawm. The fourth pillar stipulates fasting—abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations with their spouses. This is practiced every year in the month of Ramadan. It is mainly a method of self-purification and self-restraint. By cutting oneself from worldly comforts, even for a short time, a fasting person focuses on his or her purpose in life by constantly being aware of the presence of God. 5. Haji. The fifth pillar promotes pilgrimage to Makkah, the holy city. Every Muslim who is physically and financially able is expected to visit Makkah at least once in their life. The annual hajj begins in the twelfth month of the Islamic year. Pilgrims wear special clothes: simple garments that strip away distinctions of class and culture, so that all stand equal before God. Shari’ah: The Islamic Religious Laws The term shari’ah is an Arabic expression for â€Å"track†

Philosophy - animal rights by Peter Singer Essay

Philosophy - animal rights by Peter Singer - Essay Example In order to prove the hollowness of this ‘speciesism’, Singer provides the example of the history of slavery. The White slave owners never took the sufferings of the Black slaves into consideration because their moral concerns were limited to White people (135). Thus, according to him, if ‘racism’ is not moral, ‘speciesism’ too is immoral. Secondly, Singer opines that animals have interests because they have feelings like pain (135). Also, Singer points out animals have equal rights despite their lack of communication skills and intelligence because lunatics and infants too enjoy equal rights. The scholar says that equality in quality is not a necessary factor for giving moral value to nonhuman things. He claims that even within the human species, there is wide disparity in qualities like intelligence, physical strength, ability to communicate, and so on. However, the problem with Singer’s opinion is that in his effort to protect animal rights, he forgot the fact that humans too are animals with the right to protect their own interests like all other animals do. It is for Singer to show a cow or a goat that tries to preserve some grass for another species before filling its own stomach. The mistake with Singer’s opinion is that he failed to acknowledge the fact that all advanced species take maximum advantage of the circumstances to promote their own welfare. Singer admits the fact that there are pests in nature. Then he has to admit that humans are just another group of pests that takes advantage of the suitable circumstances to grow. This is the law of nature. Another vulnerability of his opinion is that he has mixed morality with nature. The mere fact is that morality is just a social construct which is purely aimed at human welfare. Moreover, the concept of morality, as he admits, is not concrete. It varies from time to time, and population to population. According to the

Worldview of William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Worldview of William Shakespeare Essay William Shakespeare was alive during a time that much differed from today. Back then, people were ranked in society by their gender, race or status. Today everyone is equal no matter what religion, gender, etc. We are all equal because we are all human beings. Even though Shakespeare was living during a different time, he still had a similar worldview that many of us share today. While reading Shakespeare’s plays, I at first found it difficult to figure out what his worldview was. I could not determine whether he was, in fact, Anti-Semitic although it was obvious that the majority of people were. However, many of the females he wrote about were extremely strong characters, especially for that time period.This brought me to the conclusion that he believed that men and women should have been equal. His worldview was that gender should not determine status, intelligence or anything else. For example, in his play, the Merchant of Venice, Portia was really strong and out-smarted many of the male characters. She dressed up in disguise and tricked a whole courtroom; Shakespeare wrote the play so that Portia was the one who then made the final decision. I agree with William’s worldview that women are able to be just as strong as men. I think that both men and women are capable of achieving the same amount of success in anything they do. In Shakespeare’s time, women were not allowed to act on stage so men played the female parts in his plays. My drama teacher in high school said that Shakespeare would have had women actresses in his plays if it were allowed. I admire William Shakespeare for so many reasons and this is only one of them. I was surprised when I found out that this was how he viewed the world.

Food Product Analysis: Dutch Lady Full Cream Milk

Food Product Analysis: Dutch Lady Full Cream Milk Wong Jun Yik Food Product Nutritional Label Topic 1(a): List of Major Minor Food Compound Ingredient list: Milks solids non-fat, Milk Fat, Calcium, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Vitamin D3 plant origin stabilizer, Water Major Food component : Milk Solids non-fat (Protein: Casein Whey and Carbohydrates: Lactose) Milk Fat (Lipids), Water Minor Food component : Calcium (Mineral) Vitamin A, B2, D3 (Fat Water soluble vitamin) Food Additive: Plant origin permitted stabilizer Topic 1(b): Role of Food compound in Food The only food additive that are applied in the production of Dutch lady UHT full cream milk is a permitted stabilizer that are originated from plant sources. While the specific name of the stabilizer is not presented in the food label. The stabilizer could be derived from carrageenan that functions as an emulsifier in the milk product. Below describe the general functions of the plant originated stabilizer used in the production of UHT milk. Topic 2(a): Nutritional Health Claim In the content of nutritional and health claim for the Dutch Lady UHT Full cream milk, no nutritional and health claim in identifiable from the packaging of the UHT Milk. Topic 2(b): Enrichment Fortification According to the Dutch Lady Malaysia website, nutrient such as protein, Vitamin B2 and calcium are being enriched into the UHT Full cream milk during the milk production. The purpose for enrichment of the milk is to increase the nutritional value that aids in reproduction of body tissue that is essential to the growth and development. Besides, enrichment of calcium and vitamin B2 in milk would help to improve the bones development as well as to increase the facilitation of energy release. By definition, enrichment is process where food manufacturer replenish the nutrient that were lost during the processing. For the Dutch lady UHT milk, the factor that contributes to the enrichment of nutrient is highly influence by two unit of operation in the milk production: (1) Ultra high temperature preservation technique that destroy heat sensitive nutrient such as vitamin B2 and protein and (2) Recombination/ Reconstitution process that utilize milk solid and milk powder as main ingredient. Re combined milk is a type of milk emulsion produce through the combination of milk powder, milk solids, milk fat water (Walstra, Wouters and Geurts, 2006). Because the milk solid and milk powder is extracted from the raw milk by the milk product manufacturer, nutrient that are water soluble such as vitamin B and mineral are being separated from the milk solid leading to the needs of enrichment during the production of recombined milk. Besides, the enrichment of nutrient in milk is also needed to achieve the requirement set by the Food regulatory body such as Ministry of health and FDA. Topic 3(a): Factors influencing the deterioration of food Dutch Lady UHT full cream milk is a product which undergoes Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) preservation technique that are being package into an aseptic packaging that are made out of paperboard, polyethylene and aluminum foil that have the properties against pH, oxygen, light and microbial deterioration. With such, the factor that influences the deterioration of UHT Milk is mainly contributed by the physical stress toward the packaging that would cause a breakage in the packaging. In addition, the breakages caused by physical stress would increases the opportunity toward additional biological and physical deterioration factor such as changes in color and flavor causes by the exposure to light, oxidative rancidity through exposure to oxygen and contamination by food-poisoning microorganisms. Moreover, the utilization and the opening of UHT milk packaging by end-user also encourage the deterioration of the milk. Lastly, contaminated packaging and machinery in the product line could cont ribute to the food deterioration. Below describe the factor influencing the deterioration of Dutch lady UHT milk in the packaging as well post-usage deterioration. Physical factor Physical Stress: Unprofessional handling and improper storage condition are the major contribution to the deterioration of the aseptic packaging of the milk carton. With opening of the milk carton that is causes by the mechanical stress, it expose the milk toward deterioration such as oxidation and light inducted color changes that are cause the food undesirable to consume. Besides, the opening of the milk carton causes the infestation and attraction of rodent that is naturally vector that carries harmful microorganism. Oxygen: With the opening of the aseptic packaging causes by physical stress and the usage of UHT milk by end-user. Both expose the UHT milk toward oxygen which encourages the oxidative rancidity of milk lipids that leads to the formation of undesirable aroma. In addition, the expose of oxygen also provide a suitable condition for the microbial growth Light: The exposure of UHT milk toward sunlight can cause the milk to lose its nutritional properties through the disruption of vitamin B2. Moreover, milk that are exposes to sunlight also cause the milk to develop undesirable burned flavor that are due to the light inductive oxidation of fats and causes the changes in the structure of whey protein. Biological factor Growth and Activities of Microorganism: With opening of the packaging cause by physical stress and by consumer, this increase the opportunity of contamination by microorganism that is capable to cause degradation of protein, carbohydrates and fats that deteriorate the quality of the milk. Besides, foul aromas that are being developed by these spoilage microorganisms are deteriorate the quality of the milk. Moreover, other than deterioration that are causes during storage and by consumer, deterioration of UHT milk product also can be contributed by machinery used in the production line of the UHT milk such as the seal in the homogenizer as well as the air supplied to the aseptic packing unit (Tamime, 2009). In addition, the faulty seams and pinholes in the aseptic packaging box carton are major source of spoilage bacteria in the UHT milk that contribute the deterioration of the food product (Varnam Sutherland, 2001). Topic 3 (b): Principle of food preservation method used Based on the information given in the Dutch lady Malaysia website and the packaging, the principle of food preservation method being applied into the UHT full cream milk is Aseptic processing with the purpose to achieve commercial sterility. Aseptic processing is physical preservation methods that involve the utilization of heat to achieve sterility. The purpose of utilizing heat preservation method in the production of UHT Milk is to increase the keeping quality and the shelf life of the milk product. In addition, the utilization of heat treatment helps to reduce both the spoilage and pathogenic microbial population and their spore such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonella species, staphylococcus aureus, etc. Besides, heat preservation treatment help to inhibit enzymatic activity that is derived natively from milk as well as to limit the autoxidation that causes the chemical deterioration of milk lipids (Walstra, Wouters and Geurts, 2006). Commercial sterility in the context of food manufacturing is define as the degree of sterilization that destroy all pathogenic and toxin forming microorganism that are capable to causes spoilage in food under normal handling and storage condition(Vaclavik and Christian, 2008). In the production of Dutch lady UHT Full cream milk, commercial sterility is achieve through aseptic processing which involve the usage of thermal processing in the form of Ultra high temperature(UHT) preservation technique followed by aseptic packaging technique. The combination of UHT treatment coupled with aseptic packaging made a fundamental improvement in term of the bacteriological safety. Moreover, Aseptic processing improve the shelf life of the dairy product from typical 1-2 weeks of the refrigerated pasteurized product to longer shelf life ranging from 6-9 months without the need of refrigeration as well as the addition of food additive to increase its shelf life. Besides, the shelf life stability of the UHT Milk product that are contributed by the aseptic packaging benefits countries where environmental temperature is high as well as the limitation of refrigeration. (Tewari and Juneja, 2007) Topic 4: Unit of Operation in food production The units of operation involved in the production of Dutch Lady UHT Full cream milk are: (1) Recombination process, (2) Ultra High Temperature process, (3) Homogenization process and (4) Aseptic packaging Recombination process: A recombined milk product is produce through a combination of milk fat and milk solids-nonfat with or without water to re-establish the consistency of natural milk. The recombination process of the milk start with the dispersion of skim milk powder in the water with a temperature ranging between 40 to 50 C. The milk powder is being fed into the water through the usage of hopper with care taken to avoid any in-cooperation of air. There are various method used to in cooperated the powder into the water, where pre emptying the milk powder in a dry room with dust removal system is commonly applied in the recombination process. After the in-cooperation of milk powder with water, the reconstituted milk is left for minimum 15 to 20 minutes of hydration with the purpose of minimizing the powdery and chalky mouth feel. In some milk product manufacturer, the reconstituted milk is held overnight at 4 C prior to further processing to ensure complete hydration. Upon the co mpletion of hydration process, the reconstituted milk is transfer for filtration to separate out any undissolved milk powder particle. The reconstituted milk is then left for vacuum de-aeration for 20 minutes to remove occluded air that are commonly found in the milk powder with the purpose to prevent the fouling of heat exchanger and excessive oxidation. Lastly, the reconstituted milk is heated to 60 to 65 C with the in-cooperation of liquid milk fat or anhydrous milk fat making a course emulsion through virtuous stirring in a static mixer (USDEC, 2005). Ultra High Temperature: The combination of UHT processing together with aseptic packaging in milk was introduced to achieve a shelf stable product, at the same time minimizing chemical change as compared to the in-container sterilized milk. There are two type of heating method involved in the UHT process: direct indirect heating. In direct heating, UHT process is achieve by mixing superheated steam with milk. While in-direct heating achieve UHT through transferring heat from plate heat exchanger(PHE) across a partition between the milk and the heating medium either through steam or hot water (Mehta, 1980; Burton,1988). The Ultra high temperature processing involve heating the milk in a continuous process system to a relatively high temperature ranging around 135 degree Celsius with a minimum two second of holding time followed by a rapid cooling. Since the sterilization and cooling process of the flowing liquid-milk in the UHT process is relatively close, the longtime heat penetrati on problem derived from the in-container sterilization is avoided. Through the rapid heat transfer technique utilize in the UHT process, undesirable changes in taste and nutritional quality of the milk is minimized. (Tewari and Juneja, 2007) Aseptic Packaging: Aseptic packaging is a form of preservation technique involved the filling of sterile milk product into the sterile container (aseptic tank) in a sterile environment. It is then subsequently sealed through a continuous process that provides a high operational flexibility as well as high stability against microbial contamination (Tewari and Juneja, 2007). Moreover, the application of aseptic packaging allowed the milk to be package into a relatively versatile container that does not require any form of refrigeration condition that can be easily distributed in part of the world where refrigeration is uncommon. The most common aseptic packages used in the UHT milk are the tetrahedral-shaped paperboard cartons exemplified by Tetra Pak that is made out from the laminated roll stock consist a combination of polyethylene, paper, polyethylene, aluminum foil, polyethylene, and a coating of ionomer resin (Potter and Hotchkiss, 1998). Homogenization: Homogenization process is a universal set of industrial practice, purpose to stabilize the fat and water emulsions against separation that are causes by the gravitational pull (Bylund, 1995). In composition of the milk and cream, milk lipids are made out of fat globule that varies from 0.1 to 20  µm in diameter that have the tendency to gather into clumps which rises due to their relatively lighter density as compared to skim milk. This separation between the milk lipids and milk causes highly visible separated layers that are undesirable and unappealing to consumer. To eliminate the separation of milk, homogenization process is applied in the production of milk to cause the disruption of fat globules in order reduce its size to a smaller one, where the new interface is covered with milk protein predominantly micellar casein. Consequently, help to minimize the creaming properties of the milk as well as the tendency for fat globules to coalesce. Moreover, the purpose of integrating homogenization process in the production of UHT milk is further supported work from Walstra, Wouters and Geurts , where the process help to counteracting the creaming of milk lipids, to improve the stability towards partial coalescence as well as to create a desirable rheological properties of the milk (Walstra, Wouters and Geurts, 2006). References Bylund, G. (1995). Dairy processing handbook. 1st ed. [Lund, Sweden: Tetra Pak Processing Systems AB. Dutchlady.com.my (2014). Dutch Lady: Nutrition: Retain Fresh Milk. [online] Available at:http://www.dutchlady.com.my/en/home.asp?page=nutritionsubpage=retain_fresh_milk [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Furia, T. (1972). CRC handbook of food additives. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Harris, P. (1990). Food gels. 1st ed. London: Elsevier Applied Science. Milkunleashed.com, (2014). Aseptic Milk Packaging UHT Milk vs Pasteurization Tetra Pak. [online] Available at: http://www.milkunleashed.com/shelf-safe-milk/aseptic-packaging-uht-milk.html [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Pereira, G. (2014). What nutrients get lost when processing milk? (EUFIC). [online] Eufic.org. Available at: http://www.eufic.org/page/en/page/FAQ/faqid/nutrients-lost-processing-milk/ [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Potter, N. and Hotchkiss, J. (1998). Food science. 1st ed. Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen Publishers. Practical applications of gums and stabilisers in dairy Foods. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] Massey university, p.10. Available at: http://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/~/media/B60880F0474D4FB6967D2CFA71A5D193.pdf [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Premiumingredients.es, (2014). Dairy drinks Premium Ingredients. [online] Available at: http://www.premiumingredients.es/applications/dairy/dairy-drinks/ [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Shereen Lehman, M. (2014). What Are Enriched and Fortified Foods?. [online] About.com Nutrition. Available at: http://nutrition.about.com/od/askyournutritionist/f/enriched.htm [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Tamime, A. (2009). Milk processing and quality management. 1st ed. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell Pub./Society of Dairy Technology. Tasneem, M., Siddique, F., Ahmad, A. and Farooq, U. (2014). Stabilizers: Indispensable Substances in Dairy Products of High Rheology. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, [online] 54(7), pp.869-879. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.614702 [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014]. Tetrapak.com, (2014). Dairy and milk homogenization. [online] Available at: http://www.tetrapak.com/products-and-services/processing-equipment/dairy-equipment/homogenization [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Tewari, G. and Juneja, V. (2007). Advances in Thermal and Non-Thermal Food Preservation. 1st ed. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. USDEC, (2005). Reference Manual for US Milk Powders: 2005 Revised Edition. 1st ed. [ebook] United States Dairy Export Council. Available at: http://usdec.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/2008ReferenceManuals/Milk_Powder_Reference_Manual_Complete2_Optzed.pdf [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Walstra, P., Wouters, J. and Geurts, T. (2006). Dairy science and technology. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor Francis. Fiszman, S. M., Lluch, M. A. and Salvador, A. (1999). Effect of addition of gelation on microstructure of acidic milk gels and yoghurt and on their rheological properties. Int. Dairy J. 9:895–901. Varnam, A.H. Sutherland, J.P. (2001) Milk and Milk Products – Technology, Chemistry and Microbiology, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD. Ebola: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Ebola: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Table of Contents 1.1 Introduction on Ebola virus. 1.2 History of Ebola. 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus. 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola. 1.5 Diagnosing Ebola. 1.6 Treatment methods for Ebola. 1.7 Conclusion. 1.1 Introduction on Ebola virus. Ebola is an emerging virus even though it is not new-as it has been emerged before and can be classified as one of the most ancient viruses found and it is once again appearing (Draper, 2002). Ebola was first identified in the Democratic republic of Congo or which was previously known as Zaire, since it appeared in the town of Yambuku-central Africa in the year 1976 (Draper, 2002).The largest and the most complex Ebola outbreak since the first outbreak was in 1976, which was experienced by the people of west Africa in march 2014 (World Health Organization, 2014). This particular outbreak has gone through many cases which have lead to death more than all the previous outbreaks combined (WHO, 2014). Ebola can be classified according to its genetic antigenic characterization (Porrut, 2005). 1.2 History of Ebola. Ebola virus was first discovered and experienced in the form of two simultaneous outbreaks, first due to the E.Sudan and the other due to E.Zaire, both these outbreaks happened in places close by, in Sudan near the border with the Democratic republic of Congo (Smith, 2005).This virus further affected the towns of Nzara and Maridi between June and November 1976 which gave mortality rate as 53%: 150 of 284 victims which is the characteristic of the Sudan subtype (Smith, 2005). The second outbreak was due to the E.Zaire which occurred in the border of the democratic republic of Congo which is close to Sudan and the Central African Republic between August and November in the same year 1976 (Johnson, 2005). The virus is named after the Ebola River where the virus was first discovered in 1976 (CNN, 2014). The third outbreak occurred between July and October 1979 in the same place attacked by the Sudan virus, but didn’t cause great extensive outbreaks like the first two, this virus affected 34 people and killing 22- mortality 65% (Porrut, 2005). 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus. Among the Filoviridae virus, the two commonly found deadly viruses are the Ebola and the Marburg viruses- This viral family contains viruses with non segmented negative-sense RNA genomes (Geisbert and Jahrling, 2005,). Ebola virus is not harmful unless it fuses its glycoprotein viral with the host cell membrane (Wood-Lewis et al., 2005). There are mainly five types of Ebola viruses identified, which are: Ebola Zaire, Ebola Ivory Coast, Ebola Sudan, Ebola Bundibugyo, Ebola Reston and the one which is producing the outbreaks in 2014 was due to the Zaire species (WHO, 2014) Filovirus cell entry is supported by its class I fusion protein or the spike protein GP1, 2 (Volchkov, et al., 2011). There are seven genes in the order 3’ leader, nucleoprotein, virion-protein 35, VP40, glycoprotein, VP30, VP24, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L)-5’ trailer found in the genome (Sanchez et al., 2011). Ebola virus is transmitted to a human via having direct contact with another Ebola victim-here the direct contact includes: blood, secretions, organs or other body fluids of the victim and also the surfaces and materials which are contaminated with these fluids (WHO, 2011). Usually the victims of Ebola are infectious as long as their blood and body fluid-which includes semen and breast milk is contaminated with the virus (WHO, 2011). Ebola releases number of countless chemicals like cytokines, chemokines and histamines when it infects different types of cells (Smith, 2009).this causes the number of symptoms we can observe to conclude whether the person is a victim of Ebola or not( Smith, 2009).this virus’s genome is particularly small and appears as a long worm l where it resembles a length of thread but it can also be in a U-shaped or in a shape of â€Å"6† or even at times circular.( Smith, 2009). 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola. Ebola viruses are pathogenic for humans, as they cause specific febrile hemorrhagic disease and these symptoms will be directly shown after nearly a week (Baron, 2005) usually the symptom of Ebola includes fever, headache, and abdominal pain. Nausea, fatigue and mostly an ill feeling, but this is what makes diagnosing Ebola difficult, as these symptoms are common for many diseases (Smith, 2009). But to elaborate more, first symptoms of Ebola are sudden fever, muscle pain followed by headache and sore throat along with this the rest of the symptoms are shown which are: vomiting, diarrhea, rash and even at times internal and external bleeding is shown (WHO, 2014). 1.5 Diagnosing Ebola. It is usually difficult to categorize the Ebola virus and Marburg virus as they both have got similar clinical symptoms; here the most common symptoms are severe, febrile and acute fever (Feldman et al, 2005). Recently there have been many outbreaks on Ebola in several countries of central Africa and due to these outbreaks there have been different types of field diagnostics as medical sophisticated support was required. (Feldman et al., 2003,). For an instance, the two outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever which took place in Gabon, 1996 resulted in mortality of 66% and 75% respectively in laboratory confirmed patients. (Courbet et al., 1999). Several diagnostic assays for Ebola infection are currently used and have been recently evaluated in patients in the field. (Ksiazek et al., 1999). The different species of Ebola virus seem to cause somewhat different clinical syndromes, but it’s slightly difficult to observe them under perfect conditions, and it’s very rare that observations like this are done. (Feldman, Geisbert and kawaoka, 2007, p.129) Using the symptoms Ebola can be identified, but before doing so it is investigated using so many procedures like: Antigen-capture detection tests, Serum neutralization tests, Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, Electron microscopy, Virus isolation by cell culture and Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Handling these can be highly dangerous and can be risky as these can be transmitted through direct contact (WHO, 2014). 1.6 Treatment methods for Ebola. Due to its specific morphology, still the drugs and the therapies are not fully evaluated, however it is currently evaluating (WHO, 2014).At the same time Ebola can be prevented to its maximum if we follow necessary preventive techniques like raising the awareness of Ebola infection, safe burials and social mobilization (WHO, 2014).Different species of Ebola virus causes different symptoms but the opportunities for a good observation of the virus under good condition is very rare (Feldman et al., 2011). The virulence of Ebola virus differs according to the species or strain which attacked the humans as well as non-human primates (Sanchez et al., 2011).among the Ebola’s genus infection rate of the Zaire Ebola virus and the Sudan Ebola virus rate differs, among these the Zaire Ebola virus has the highest case-fatality rates which is 60-90% (Guenno et al., 2011).lately due to some investigations done which included the observation of some attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein which previously has demonstrated efficiency as a vaccine against Ebola infections in rodents and monkeys (Feldman et al., 2007). It should be highly realized that workers such as doctors, nurses, scientists’ who work with direct contact with the victim too should be under consecutive care as Ebola is a directly spreading virus (Casillas, 2003). 1.7 Conclusion. Moreover to summarize all what is said above we can say that Ebola is not a virus to be put down as it is highly dangerous and very harmful as it can easily spread which causes it to be deadly and also as it can keep rising leading to tragedy deaths. And to recall the past, it is said that Ebola was found in Africa and the name itself implies on the first outbreak which happened near the Ebola River and also there are five main types of Ebola viruses but among them the E.Zaire and the E.Sudan are the commonly found ones. Ebola is a class 4 pathogen belonging to the family Filoviridae as it causes severe hemorrhagic fever and various symptoms and this is currently incurable as there are no specific treatments or drugs available. Isolating the infected person, handling the preventive techniques carefully might reduce the spreading of Ebola, and finally to conclude it is in the future’s hand to find proper vaccine and drugs to stop Ebola. Reference list Baron, C. R., Smith, D.I.H. and McCormick, B.J. (2005) ‘The natural history of Ebola’, microbes and infection, 7, pp.1005-1006, [Online] DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.006 .(Accessed: 18 October 2014) Cable news network, S(2014), Ebola fast facts. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/11/health/ebola-fast-facts/ (Accessed:3 November 2014) Casillas, A. M., Nyamathi, A. M., Sosa, A., Wilder, C, L. and Sands, H (2003) ‘A current review of virus: Pathogenesis, clinical presentation and diagnostic assessment’, Sage journals, 4, pp. 268-275 [Online] DOI: 10.1177/1099800403252603 (Accessed: 04 November 2014) Draper, A.S. (2002) Ebola. Google Books [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=FohdK6o-8WICprintsec=frontcoverdq=ebolahl=ensa=Xei=3ypWVNaYB8m3uQTq9IDgAQredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ebolaf=false. (Accessed: 30 October 2014). Draper, A.S. (2002) Ebola. Google Books [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=FohdK6o-8WICprintsec=frontcoverdq=ebolahl=ensa=Xei=3ypWVNaYB8m3uQTq9IDgAQredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ebolaf=false. (Accessed: 30 October 2014). Feldman, H., Geisbert, T. and Kawaoka, Y. (2007) ‘filo virus: recent advances and future challenges’ The Lancet, [online] available at:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673610606678. (Accessed: 18 October, 2014) Feldman, H., Geisbert, T.W., Kawaoka., Peters, C.J., Leduc, L.W., Pattyn, S.R. and Sanchez, A. (2011) ‘Ebola hemorrhagic fever’, The Lancet, 377, pp.849-862, [Online] DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 (Accessed: 18 October 2014) Feldman, H., S.M. Jones., K.M. Daddario-Dicapario., J.B. Geisbert and U. Stroher (2007) ‘Effective post-exposure treatment of Ebola infection’, PLOS, January [Online] Available at: http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030002#close (Accessed: 1 November 2014) Geisbert, T. W. and Jahrling, P. B. (2005) ‘Endosomal proteolysis of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is necessary for infection’, Science, 308, pp. 1643-1645, [Online] DOI: 10.1126/science.1110656. (Accessed 31 October 2014) Guenno, B. Le. Formenty, P. and Wyers, M. (2011) ‘Ebola hemorrhagic fever’, The Lancet, 377, pp.849-862, [Online] DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 (Accessed: 18 October 2014) Feldman, H., Geisbert, T. W., Jahrlring, P. B., and Netesov, H. D. (2005) ‘laboratory diagnosis of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever’, Virology, 3, pp. 205-209 [online] Available at:http://www.pathexo.fr/documents/articles-bull/T98-3-2761-4-5p.pdf.(Accessed: 18 October 2014) Feldman, H., Jones, S., Klenk, H. D. and Schnitzler, H. J (2003) ‘Ebola virus: from discovery to vaccine’ Nat rev immunol, 3, pp. 677-685 [online] available at: http://www.pathexo.fr/documents/articles-bull/T98-3-2761-4-5p.pdf. (Accessed: 18 October 2014) Leroy, E. M., Baize, S., Lu, C, Y., McCormick, B, J., Georges, A, J., Courbet, G, M-C., et al, (2000) ‘Diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by RT-PCR in an epidemic setting’, journal of medical virology, 60, pp.463-467 [online] available at:http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(200004)60:43.0.CO;2-M?r3_referer=wolshow_checkout=1#14137278393851type=checkout%3Aready (Accessed: 18 October 2014) Porrut, X., Kumulungai, B., Wittman, T. and Moussavou (2005) ‘The natural history of Ebola’, Microbes and infection, 7(7-8), pp.1005-1014 [Online] DOI:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.006 (Accessed: 03 November 2014) Sanchez, A., Geisbert, T. W., Feldman, H. and P. B. Jahrling (2011) ‘Ebola hemorrhagic fever’ Lancet, 377, pp.849-862, [Online] DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 (Accessed on 31 October 2014) Smith, T. C. (2009) Ebola. Google Books. [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=u22zQ669ZfoCpg=PA35dq=ebola+characteristicshl=ensa=Xei=_AZZVLWeDsLt8gXmoYGYDgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ebola%20characteristicsf=false (Accessed: 31 October 2014) Volchkov, V. E., Volchkova, V. A., Dolnik, O., Feldman, H., Klenk., Lee, J., Mangasarian and Tronto, D. (2011) ‘Ebola virus peptide immunoadhesins inhibit Marburg virus and Ebola virus cell entry’ Journal of virology, 22, pp.8502-8513, [Online] DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02600-10. (Accessed: 31 October 2014). Wood-Lewis, R. J., Bates, P. and Takada, A. (2005) ‘Endosomal proteolysis of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is necessary for infection’, Science, 308, pp. 1643-1645, [Online] DOI: 10.1126/science.1110656. (Accessed: 31 October 2014). World health organization (2014) Ebola virus disease. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/. (Accessed: 30 October 2014). 1